Management of Heart Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management of Heart Failure - Essay Example Hypertension may lead to heart failure. It increases the heart’s workload hence results in hypertrophy of cardiac muscle fibers. The filling of the heart is impaired during diastole. The hypertrophied ventricle fails to contract eventually and heart failure results. The nursing intervention implemented to prevent cardiac failure in this case is the administration of the antihypertensive medication to control blood pressure and maintain it within normal for the hypertensive patient. Another condition that may lead to cardiac failure is myocardial infarction. It refers to the cellular and the necrosis of the heart muscle tissue and it is irreversible that occurs as a result of prolonged ischemia. The contractility of the muscle is lost in the affected regions. If the affected regions are large complications arise and include cardiac failure. The appropriate nursing intervention to prevent progression to heart failure is by ensuring that the patient gets enough rest, administrati on of stool softeners to prevent straining, and giving of analgesics and the prescribed medication as ordered. The nurse should also insist that the patient should quit smoking. It refers to the inflammation that occurs in the cardiac muscle as a result of viral infection in most cases. The nursing interventions that need to be implemented to prevent heart failure include the administration of the prescribed medication as ordered aimed at treating the condition for example the steroids to combat the inflammatory process.

Business Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Development - Essay Example By learning these very basic steps, running our own business and developing it can be both exciting and rewarding. It is our ability in developing and implementing strategies effectively that will avert stressful and unpredictable situations in business. â€Å"It is a truth that the sandwich business is a rapidly growing segment of the fast-food industry as demonstrated by the growth of various brands across the globe. (Emerald MangementXtra). Hence, there is opportunity to every player in the market, and scope for improvement. The decision to develop products and services can mark the beginning of an extremely difficult process for many businesses. In fact, new product development is often considered to be the cornerstone for building any successful business. Without it, businesses tend to stagnate, and then eventually decline. This is particularly true for small scale businesses. It is a proven fact that products and services you are offering will serve as the catalyst that drives your business to higher levels of success. Business development should never be a long and costly endeavor. Objectives of any enterprise is to establish its unique presence in the related business activity, sustain, develop and surge ahead, by being dynamic and growth oriented, through planning. Planning is the backbone of any business venture –be it a small sandwich shop or a multi national organization. A step by step plan is the core requirement for developmental process, along with proper resource and budget allocation. This step is detrimental to the organization to sustain and develop further in the market. A SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) analysis need to be carried out to identify our established strengths related to the products/services offered by the establishment, our competitive edge, existing and target customers, their expectation, sales and marketing strategies, pricing, an effective marketing plan,

Discrimination and the Hijab: The Role of Social Workers

Discrimination and the Hijab: The Role of Social Workers Melissa Sadaka The aftermath of several political, legal, and historical events has led to the negative representations and tensions towards Islam and its practices in Western society. These depictions have impacted Muslim women who wear the hijab as they are religiously identifiable (Hyder, Parrington, Hussain, 2015). It is evident in the literature and media that discrimination towards the hijab continues to remain a social problem in the West. Discrimination is the mistreatment of an individual due to their race status or background (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2015). Not only does it result in a marginalised society, discrimination is ideologically offensive and negatively effects the individual and society as whole. As demonstrated in the literature, the hijab is discriminated against due the misinterpreted views, held by non-Muslims, that the women who wear it are oppressed and associated with terrorism (Al Wazni, 2015,). These views have proved to negatively affect the daily experie nces and identity of Muslim women as they face difficulties and acts of discrimination in settings such as school, work and the public. Social work essentially aims to focus on and draw attention to discriminatory beliefs and customs that lead to both poor public principles and mental health (Hosken, 2013). It mandatory for all social workers to participate in socially and racially proficient education and advocacy that encourages diversity while concurrently reducing fear and doubt (Australian Association of Social Workers, 2010) . As an occupation and discipline, social work has come to accept the responsibility of tackling and eliminating discrimination in the lives of individuals it assists through both direct and indirect methods (Graham, Bradshaw, Trew, 2009). The current paper will analyse and critique the role of social work and its function in responding to discrimination towards Muslim women particularly in Australia. Recent and alternate social work approaches such as policy, education, research and practice in response to the social problem will also be identified. Social workers recognise the power of diversity as it is competent in characterising and shaping the human experience and is significant to the development of identity. All individuals have basic and fundamental human rights despite their position in society. Securing and ensuring that these rights are protected and believing in the value of the individual are important responsibilities in social work today (Graham, Bradshaw, Trew, 2009) Historically, social work has been criticised due its previous practices in failing to respond to present circumstances and endorsing the standards of a white middle class society(Matsuoka Thompson). Present approaches for social workers mandates them to understand the power of diversity and harness it in order to build a better human society and experience. It is a social workers responsibility to uphold any human beings right and their values and to eradicate discrimination under any basis (Ressler Hodge). The Code of ethics of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW, 2010) provides a set of ethical principle and standards to govern social work behavior in relation to discrimination. The organizations Code of Ethics in Australia includes the principle that social workers should challenge social injustice-focusing primarily on issues of poverty, unemployment, discrimination, and other manifestations-and that their activities should promote sensitivity to and knowledge a bout oppression and cultural and ethnic diversity. Further, the Code states, social workers should strive to ensure access to needed information, services, and resources; equality of opportunity; and meaningful participation in decision-making for all people. (AASW, 2010, p.17). A Muslim woman in Australia who has experienced a form of discrimination has access to a range of services and programs that can assist her. The Department of Social Services (DSS), the main source of accessing social policies in Australia, is designed to support and enhance the lives of Australians (2015). The DSS promotes a Multicultural Australia and can provide those who have been discriminated against with multiple resources and support services. The DSS can assist A Muslim woman who has been discriminated against by providing her with information and referrals to programs and policies. The DSS will provide her with information on current Australian anti-discrimination laws and provide her with the option of submitting a complaint to the Australia human rights commission who will then further deliver additional assistance. The Department of human services (DHS) is the main source of access to health, payment and social support for Australians and includes a team of social worker s that can also assist those who use their service (2015). Ghumman and Ryan (2013) study determined that wearing a Hijab amplified both formal and informal discrimination when applying for work. In this example[MS1], a Muslim woman who is using DHS services can contact a DHS social worker for further support if she feels that her hijab is effecting her chances in gaining a full-time job. The DHS social work services can deliver short term counselling, referrals to a range of services and support information. Overall, to sustain both professionalism and diversity in social work it is required to understand basic human rights and reasonable practices to assist victims of discrimination. Their voices should be heard and necessary support should be provided as with every human being. The discrimination towards people based on what they wear and what religion they practice will be ongoing as the current generation and society is poisoned by the narrow thoughts and vague ideas generated from power sources such a media and politics. An individuals choice to wear a garment that represents their faith should be respected within the social work profession. Though Australia is multicultural and embraces diversity and tolerance, discrimination towards the hijab remains existent. Social workers need to be able to demonstrate an understanding of cultural and religious customs, such as the hijab, to establish a justified and enhanced interaction with clients. Social workers should challenge social inju stice by embracing diversity through advocacy. Muslim women who wear the hijab should be viewed as positive assets to work with and learn from. References Al Wazni, A. B. (2015). Muslim Women in America and Hijab: A Study of Empowerment, Feminist Identity, and Body Image. Social Work, 60(4), 325-333. doi:10.1093/sw/swv033 Australian Association of Social Workers. (2010). Code of Ethics AASW. Retrieved March 6, 2017, from https://www.aasw.asn.au/practitioner-resources/code-of-ethics Australian Human Rights Commission. (2015). Complaint information. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/WEB_Info_making_unlawful_discrimination.pdf Department of Human Services. (2017). Social work services Australian Government Department of Human Services. Retrieved from https://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/social-work-services Department Social Services. (2015). What We Do | Department of Social Services, Australian Government. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://www.dss.gov.au/about-the-department/overview/what-we-do Ghumman, S., Ryan, A. M. (2013). Not welcome here: Discrimination towards women who wear the Muslim headscarf. Human Relations, 66(5), 671-698. doi:10.1177/0018726712469540 Graham, J. R., Bradshaw, C., Trew, J. L. (2009). Adapting Social Work in Working with Muslim Clients. Social Work Education, 28(5), 544-561. doi:10.1080/02615470802400729 Hosken, N. (2013). Social work supervision and discrimination. Advances in Social Work and Welfare Education, 15(1), 92-104. Retrieved from http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=479428906488362;res=IELHSS Hyder, N., Parrington, C. A., Hussain, P. (2015). Experiences of Hijabi Women: Finding a Way Through the Looking Glass for Muslim Americans. Advancing Women in Leadership, 35, 172-177. Retrieved from http://advancingwomen.com/awl/awl_wordpress/ Matsuoka, A. K., Thompson, A. (2009). Combating Stigma and Discrimination Among Social Work Students. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 28(2), 95-98. doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2009-0025 Ressler, L. E., Hodge, D. R. (2006). Religious Discrimination in Social Work. Journal of Religion Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 24(4), 55-74. doi:10.1300/j377v24n04_05 [MS1]Not too sure if I should us this and dont know what else to use Dr Nawal El Saadawi: Memoirs of a Woman Doctor Dr Nawal El Saadawi: Memoirs of a Woman Doctor Since my childhood, I have always dreamt of producing a film or writing a book about gender inequity in the Middle Eastern society. So that I could be able to accomplish this goal, I have to obtain the adequate experience in order to hold a certificate from one of the prestigious universities in Qatar. As a matter of fact, I have the desire towards achieving my goals and proving my skills but my society, with all its restrictions and limitations, doesnt give me the chance to do so. Because I live in a Qatari society, I have to be committed to certain traditions and customs which dont provide me with the opportunity to become a decent educated woman in a community where men only have the power to dominate. Therefore, when I think about the difference between men and women and why people differentiate and discriminate between people based on their gender, I find myself attracted towards reading books about feminism in order to, at least, feel that other women suffer from what I feel and that they will do whatever it takes to gain their lost rights. Through reading these books, I have the chance to know more about the meaning of feminism as well as figuring out more about women who have experienced conflicts with their families since their childhood only because they were born as girls not boys. Therefore, I encouraged myself to read a book called Memoirs of a woman doctor. This book was written by an Egyptian female writer named Dr. Nawal El Saadawi. In fact, this book had had an impact on my life to the extent that it contributed in changing my thoughts and my ideas as well as my view towards different things. A year ago, I read this book and for the first time I felt like I have the p ower to accomplish my objectives and live a normal equal life like any other man in the whole world. Regarding the book of Memoirs of a woman doctor, it talks about a young girl who used to live in a traditional Egyptian family. Unfortunately, the family of this little young girl undervalued her skills and underestimated her talents because she wasnt a boy. Dr. Nawal wanted to attract my attention and the attention of the rest of readers towards the fact that the point of view of this family towards its daughter reflects the point of view of the whole Egyptian and Arab society towards women in general. Being brought up as a girl in such family, this woman had to face all kinds of discrimination and injustice. In other words, her family used to prefer her brother over her despite the fact that she was an amazing student at school and she was more intelligent than him. This definitely has led to many bad effects on her view towards herself. She started to feel that she was born with a disability and that there was something wrong about her. She began to hate herself, her body and ever ything that used to surround womens life. However, she didnt surrender to this cruel reality. Luckily, her family allowed her to continue her studies and she managed to enroll in one of the universities in the faculty of Medicine. After graduation, she turned to become an excellent doctor. Being a doctor provided this woman with the opportunity to start loving herself again. She felt that she had achieved one of her goals and that pushed her forward towards accomplishing more and more in her life. In addition, she started to figure out that discrimination and inequality between men and women is a result of a complicated backward point of view of a society towards women. Moreover, she began to know the fact that other women can do whatever they need if they had the desire and the inner power. Women also have all the chances to accomplish their dreams if they only tried to do so. Thats why the main character in that book believed in biological science as a field of study since studying medicine allowed her to have faith in justice and in breaking all the complicated rules she was forced to follow. On the other side, this book allowed me to believe in myself and my abilities. In other words, I started becoming more self-confidence in addition to being willing to overcome my fears. I also began to become more patient as I learned that life cant be easy all the time and that I had to try harder in order to succeed. Moreover, I have figured out that only successful people have the chance to enjoy their lives since they have faith in their skills and they never give up no matter what they face. Besides, I began to love myself more and accept the fact that I was born as woman for a certain reason as God never creates something by coincidence. Because I read this book when I had to deal with a lot of issues, it was and is still considered as a source of energy as it provided me with the needed positivity to accomplish what I had planned. As a matter of fact, when I figured out that this woman in the book of Dr. Nawal had to suffer because of complicated thoughts, I felt that she represents me and a lot of million women all over the world who have to face many problems to gain their rights. Moreover, this book let me know more about a lot of topics about which I didnt have a background. For example, I began to have ideas about different things like marriage, loyalty, human body, beauty and creativity. I also learned that I work not only to gain money but also to help people get the needed medications so that they could have healthier bodies. On the other hand, my creativity began to increase and I started to use my imagination to solve problems. Moreover, I learned that we all are humans and that we werent born as angels. T herefore, we commit mistakes and thats why we need to forgive each other. Since reading is one of the great pleasures in this world, I enjoyed reading Memoirs of a woman doctor. This book widened my thoughts about feminism and also enlightened my vision. As a matter of fact, I began to learn that feminism doesnt refer to makeup or high heels or having a great body. Instead, it indicates intelligence, beauty of the soul and having a smart brain. In other words, many people believe that feminism is a concept that involves being a lady in shape which is totally wrong. On the contrary, feminism is a term that indicates being a lady by being educated and sophisticated. Thats why I believe the Qatari society and the entire Arab society must change their point of view towards women. Therefore, instead of looking at their clothes or their bodies, they need to look through their minds. Like many families in Egypt, Qatari families adopt following the customs and traditions of the Arab society. These traditions are indicated in the fact that young girls must wear veil when they are not in their homes. Being an Arab woman living in Qatar, I was obliged to cover my head wherever I go. Furthermore, some Qatari families force their young daughters to quit school and get married to older men because they believe that women were created to achieve that purpose. Thats why I felt that this book has touched something in my heart and also because I had to experience what the writer had had to go through. Conclusion The book of Dr Nawal El Saadawi called Memoirs of a woman doctor provided me with a lot of information and thats why I began to change my thoughts and my views towards myself and the entire society. Therefore, I believe Arab societies especially the Qatari one have to change the way they view women. They also must encourage other organizations in order to offer women opportunities to improve their skills. Furthermore, women must not give up and form peaceful marches to defend their lives and their rights. By following these steps, women will be able to have equal life just as men and I will have the chance to accomplished all my plans and goals. I will also never regret because I was born as a woman. Instead, I will be proud of my femininity.

morality :: essays research papers fc

Philosophy Papers Same Day Delivery! Only $9.95/page + FREE Bibliography!!! Papers On More Philosophers & Philosophies Page 3 of 36 Previous Next Immanuel Kant's 'Critique Of Pure Reason' [ send me this paper ] A 5 page paper that provides an analysis of Kant's work and focuses on the ideal of pure reason as a central development. No additional sources cited. Filename: Kantreas.wps Immanuel Kant's Concept of Good Will Analyzed [ send me this paper ] A 5 page paper which examines German philosopher Immanuel Kant's good will principle as articulated in his 1785 work, The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals (also known as The Grounding For the Metaphysics of Morals. Specifically analyzed is why good will is considered to be good, according to Kant, and how it is expressed. Bibliography lists 2 sources. Filename: GdWillAn.wps Immanuel Kant's 'Critique Of Pure Reason' [ send me this paper ] A 5 page paper that provides an analysis of Kant's work and focuses on the ideal of pure reason as a central development. No additional sources cited. Filename: Kantreas.wps Immanuel Kant's Concept of Good Will Analyzed [ send me this paper ] A 5 page paper which examines German philosopher Immanuel Kant's good will principle as articulated in his 1785 work, The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals (also known as The Grounding For the Metaphysics of Morals. Specifically analyzed is why good will is considered to be good, according to Kant, and how it is expressed. Bibliography lists 2 sources. Filename: GdWillAn.wps Immanuel Kant’s A Priori Knowledge and Time [ send me this paper ] This 5 page report discusses Immanuel Kant’s meaning regarding the â€Å"two pure forms of sensible intuition† being â€Å"a priori knowledge† and â€Å"time† as discussed in his Critique of Pure Reason published in 1781. Kant (1724-1804) believed individual thought to be the framework by which the individual was able to determine the appropriate category into which one thought process or pattern would fit over another. One of his first statements in the Critique is that: â€Å"In the order of time, therefore, we have no knowledge antecedent to experience, and with experience all our knowledge begins.† This paper looks at what he means by such a ststaement and how it relates to the nature and relaity of space and time. Bibliography lists one source. Filename: BWkantcp.wps Kant and Hume: A comparison of views on Ethics : [ send me this paper ] The study of Ethics is an inquiry into the foundations of values. It is a concern with the eventual outcome of the action and experience of every day life.

Power of Situations Essay

In the,† The power of situations†, by Lee Ross and Richard E. Nisbett, the authors are trying to show the power of situations effecting the decisions of the people, how people react in different situations. The authors are trying to prove that social psychology rivals philosophy in teaching people that they do not understand the true nature of the world. The above claim is supported by two experiments, the Good Samaritan experiment by Darley and Batson, and the bystander effect experiment. The authors purpose was to prove how situations effect out actions, they were successful in proving it by acquiring such positive results in both of the experiments. The authors argue the difference in the point of view of the undergraduates and graduates of social psychology about the human behavior. Undergraduates who while taking their courses finds many facts about human behavior, it makes them feel satisfied with information, whereas graduates who have studied the human behavior fo r a long time have a challenged point of view towards the causes of human behavior than undergraduates. According to the authors small detail in an incident does not matter, what matters is the situation in which the incident took place. Authors argue about how the social psychology surpasses philosophy while making a decision. Even graduate students with years of experience, are not certain in predicting human behavior under peer pressure. In the end the authors talk about the â€Å"fundamental attribution error† it says that people who consider the personality traits and common tendencies in predicting the human behavior are proven wrong. They often fail to take into consideration the situational factors that affect the behavior. The bystander effect is used by the authors to prove that predicting ones behavior is impossible if we take into considerations the insignificant details. In this experiment the subject is John who is put in a situation in which he sees a man by the door asking for help, we are supposed to predict the behavior of John. A normal person would take into consideration the specific details of the situation and predict the behavior; this will result into a wrong prediction, the details of the circumstance does not helps predicting johns behavior, only the situation  and the actions of other bystander is considered while predicting ones behavior. The author is successful in proving the bystander effect on a person in any situation. There are many other experiments conducted world-wide proving the effect of bystander intervention. One of the most famous experiments was one conducted by Latane and Darley, in which participants were kept in a room and smoke was released in it, the percent of participants who reported the smoke decreased as the participants increased in a room. A special thing about this bystander effect is that: the more bystanders present when help is needed, the less assistance any of them will provide. The authors have mentioned another experiment conducted by Darley and Batson named â€Å"The Good Samaritan† experiment. It is a study of how people react to an emergency in different situations and levels of urgency. The researchers had three hypotheses to prove via this experiment: 1. People who are religious does not act any different those who are not, in a situation. 2. People in a hurry are less likely to help others. 3. People who are religions in a Samaritan fashion will be more likely to help than those who are not. The researches gave a task to certain amount of people, and on their way going the other side of building, they were faced with an emergency situation, and the researchers were to record how many participants helped in that situation. The results of this experiment were very promising regarding one of the hypotheses, that people in a hurry are less likely to help others. The results proved that no matter how we think about a situation, our actions are not the same. Other thing that authors point-out is the â€Å"Fundamental attribution error† it means that people always try to predict a human behavior by observing their personality-traits, rather than observing the situational factors. Observing personal traits never help in predicting someone’s actions, it is the situational factors that help us predict human behavior. There are many other experiments by different researches which concurs with the claim of Ross and Nisbett, that how the situations affects the human behavior, and by manipulating the situation, we can change the outcome of behavior, some of them are, Sherif’s â€Å"Autokinetic Paradigm† showed how group dynamics can influence group behavior, Solomon Asch’s experiment of social  pressure, Tajfel showed that even the mere classification of people into groups can elicit partisan group behavior. The results and statistics of the authors claim were very accurate, and well supported by other researchers. WORKS CITED The Bystander Effect, Web. 1 Jan. 2010. Darley, J. M., and Batson, C.D., â€Å"From Jerusalem to Jericho†: A study of Situational and Dispositional Variables in Helping Behavior†. JPSP, 1973, 27, 100-108. Ross, L., and Nisbett, R. E., The Person and the Situation, 1991. Chapters 1 and 2.

Culture, ideology, politics and economics are linked in the output of media organisation in way that is true for no other sector of capitalist enterprise

Introduction Although some might believe otherwise, the media is not a neutral or objective institution. It is rather a disputed space that can be manipulated to serve certain interests. McNair (2007:103) affirms that â€Å"culture, ideology, politics and economics are linked in the output of media organisation.† This statement is especially true of the UK newspaper industry. McQuail (2008:7) also argues that power structures social relationships and that this has an effect on the way the mass media is organized. Both historically and presently the influence of the media can be observed. Newspapers promote certain ideologies, create and reinforce cultural patterns, and greatly influence views on politics. Media products that are made for mass consumption are often controlled by a handful of wealthy owners. This is very similar to what Karl Marx calls the ‘bourgeoisie’ or the owners of the means of production. They are in control of factories and the livelihoods of workers. How ever, in much the same way, media production serves the interests of the few, and not those of the masses. The ruling class often determines the content of widely distributed newspapers. In support of McNair, I will argue that media output is very closely linked to culture, ideology, and politics, in a way that is advantageous to those who own the means of production. In order to show this, I will discuss all factors (culture, ideology, politics, and economics) in relation to each other and analyse the influence that the newspaper industry has had historically on political, economic, and cultural affairs. The paper will mainly look at 18th century, 19th century, and present press and media output in Britain. Critical Analysis The struggle over control of newspaper content is also an economic struggle between the bourgeoisie and the workers or the lower classes. This is a conflict that mirrors the Marxist notion of class struggle. Starting as far back as the 18th century, the UK ruling class has fought to destroy radical newspapers of the time, such as Poor Man’s Guardian, Twopenny, and Republican. The aims of the radical press were to promote class organisations through the development of a critical political analysis. Class organizations and unions were meant to earn workers better wages and more rights. Thus, by developing radical newspapers, the working class sought to improve their economic condition. This is an example of the struggle between the aristocracy and the workers who were criticising corruption and the repressive taxation which was impoverishing them (Curran 2010:13). Here, politics is also interrelated to the media and to economics. It was only through adopting a critical political analysis that workers could advocate for their rights. On the other hand, the politics of the right (or the wealthy owners) represent their economic interest of keeping the wealth and control of the press in the hands of few. The emergence of more progressive publications in the early 1800s showed how the ideology of the ruling classes was in opposition of radicalism. Their politics served to prevent the workers from gaining more control of the media output. Between 1830 and 1836 there was an increase in circulation of radical newspapers. In London alone, the readership grew from half a million to 2 million. Dr Philmore, a member of Parliament, complained that â€Å"these infamous publications [†¦] inflame working people’s passions, and awaken their selfishness, contrasting their present condition with what they contented to be their future condition- a condition incompatible with human nature, and with those immutable laws which providence has established for the regulation of human society â€Å" (Curran 2010 : 14). In other words, the rich believed that it is their right to maintain their social and economic standing. In response to radicalism, they sought to pass regulations that would control the media output. This implied that they could promote the views that would benefit their own economic and social condition. As already seen, those who can control media output use this resource to promote their ideology, culture, and politics. In this way, they also maintain their wealth. In order to silence the voice of radical newspapers in the 1800s, the government decided to introduce the stamp duty, which meant that publications were redefined to include political periodicals. Curran and Seaton (2010) also note that during those days, the government sought to increase press taxation. This was to ensure that those in charge of the press are wealthy men of high social standing. Curran and Seaton explain that the reason behind stamp duty was â€Å"to restrict the readership to a well to do by raising the cover price; and to restrict the ownership to the propertied class by increasing the publishing cost â€Å" (Curran and Seaton 2010:11). This shows how economics plays a big role in restricting those who do not have the necessary means from promoting their own ideology, politics, and culture. The example clearly illustrates the link between economics, culture, and politics that McNair talks about. It also portrays, once again, how those who own the means of produc tion can promote the ideologies that benefit them. Over time, those who were financially in control of the media used this to their advantage and slowly began to take radicalism out of the picture. It became the norm that only those who have enough capital could have a say in politics and influence the ideology of the masses. In the late 19th century, when some control methods failed and stamp laws were repealed, the press establishment embarked on a â€Å"sophisticated strategy of social control†, where the radical newspapers were replaced by apolitical, commercial publications, read by mass audiences and controlled by capital (McNair 2009:87). According to McNair (2009), the radical publications of the end of the 19th century had either been forced out of existence, moved right politically, or become small specialist publications. As newspapers became cheaper and the market expanded, capital investment and running costs increased beyond the capacity of radical publishers. Thus, radical voices were once again silenced. This shows that the output of news is greatly influenced by the ownership and capital, as only the wealthy are powerful enough to determine the course of media production. Currently, it can be said that media output in the newspapers is still dependant on who owns the enterprise, what are their politics, and what kind of ideology and culture they want to promote. Oftentimes, the output does not necessarily reflect the truth, but rather takes the form that is best suited to serve the interests of the few. It is not uncommon for stories to be censored or even not published at all. To illustrate this, Anthony Bevins (1997:47) argues that â€Å"Journalists cannot ignore the pre-set ‘taste ‘of their newspapers, use their own sense in reporting the truth of the any event, and survive. They are ridden by news desks and backbenches executives, have their stories spiked on a systematic basis, they face the worst sort of newspaper punishment –byline deprivation.† Conclusion The history of newspaper publishing in the UK shows that economic interests influence media output immensely. I have argued that, historically, culture, ideology, politics, and economics are all interrelated influences on the content of media. In order to show this, my paper has looked at historical events that have had an impact on the course that the media (especially newspapers) has taken during the past few hundred years. Starting with the 18th century, the press has been a battlefield between the rich and the poor. Radical newspapers fought to have a say in politics. Unfortunately, those who had more wealth and invested more capital were the ones able to take control of the press. With the control of the press also came the promotion of certain ideologies. The ruling class favoured the politics that went against the interests of the workers. Politicians and capitalists alike strived to protect their standing. The stamp duty is an example of measures that they were taking to ens ure that radical media output does not grow enough to influence political views. Even though this measure did not last, the effect that commercialization has had on newspapers and media output, in general, is still evident. Those who own media corporations prefer an apolitical and commercial approach. Over time, the voices of workers with radical demands have stopped being heard in the mainstream media. Moreover, even the practices of journalists nowadays are influenced by this approach to media as a profit driven enterprise. The relevance of stories is often determined based on commercial appeal and sensationalism, rather than facts. Stories can be censored and facts hidden. Economics, as well as politics are mainly to blame for these developments. McNair (2009) sums up this interrelationship perfectly through his work. The fact that politics, economics, culture, and ideology play a big role in determining media output is undeniable. Although this is unlikely to change in the near future, it is important to know whose politics and interests influence what we read, hear, and see in the media. Bibliography Curran, J. and Seaton. Power Without Responsibility : Press, Broadcasting and the Internet in Britain. Routledge, Abingdon, 2010. McNair, B. News and Journalism In the UK . Routlege, London, 2003. McQuail D. Mass Communication. SAGE, London, 2008. Tumber H. News : A Reader. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999. Wahl-Jorgensen, K. & Hanitzsch, T. The Handbook of Journalism Studies. Taylor & Francis, Abingdon, 2009.

Art Influenced Art Through the Ages essays

Art Influenced Art Through the Ages essays Throughout the Roman, Medieval, and Renaissance civilization, art has been used to express the entire range of human feelings and spiritual beliefs. Art was a pleasure in itself, according to humanist ideas. So the essential question was asked: What was the relationship between the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance in art? The answer is pure and simple. The relationship between the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance in art is that art through these ages built off, inspired, and influenced on one another. Primarily, it should be known who influenced the art of the Roman Empire. It starts with Rome conquering and taking over many countries. These included Carthage, Gaul, Egypt, and Britain. And Rome, being like the great melting pot of ancient times, it slowly adopted their traditions, such as the countries religion and art. The Greeks and the Egyptians, for example, were employed by the Romans to produce art for them, and they used their own methods to do it. Rome probably had the most art influenced by other civilizations, because of the large amount of cultures it contained under the empire. So thus, with Rome, began the great movement of art being influenced by earlier art through history. Next, come the Early Middle Ages. Things looked bleak for art in the seventh and eighth centuries in the Middle Ages. There was a general artistic decline in these times, which probably contributed to this time being known as the Dark Ages. Most of the art for the Early Middle Ages was provided by barbarian invaders. The art of the barbarians contained mostly animals transformed into abstract, and decorative designs. The light at the end of the tunnel for art during the Early Middle Ages was Charlemagnes launch of the cultural rebirth program known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The Carolingnian period brought together different artistic expressions such as the Roman, ...

indians and alcohol essays

indians and alcohol essays Peter C. Mancall, Deadly Medicine; Indians and Alcohol in Early America. (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, Inc., 1997). Peter C. Mancall is currently a Professor of History at the University of Kansas. He attended Harvard College and received his Ph. D. in history in 1986. He received the W.T. Kemper Prize Fellowship for teaching excellence in 1998, the inaugural Research Fellowship awarded by the Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand in 1998, and a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship for 2001-2002. He has written many books on the subject of early America and its interaction with the Native American population. He is also the advisory editor for Native American History at Routledge, and serves on the editorial board of Reviews in American History. His research has been supported by the National Science Foundation, the NEH, the Library Company of Philadelphia, the AHA, and the American Philosophical Society. This book covered the affects of alcohol on the culture, lives, and future of the Native American population. Mancall got his information on this subject from documentation of missionaries, trading posts, and courts of the time. As most of the information came from the white man records most of the book was a little fact driven. Even so the majority of the facts showed the devastating effects that alcohol had on the Native American population. It also includes information on the trading of alcohol. As well as the early temperance movement the early missionaries and their Christian converted Native Americans started. Mancall used a myriad of resources, which made one believe the facts and details that he put forth. However this also tended to give him somewhat of an impersonal view to the subject. While an even more important question is raised during this discussion, as to why the white man himself did not seem to face the same problem with drinking as the Native Ameri...

Article Analysis Essay Example for Free (#3)

Article Analysis Essay This article gives us an insight on whether how a society in a specific country especially like of China can have a say on what their government is doing especially on projects that in return might have an effect on their lives, and also giving added revenue to their government and at the same time protecting the lives of their citizens. Even the social activist like Xue ye of the Beijing – based Friends of Nature had stated that â€Å"We are weak, but we have a chance. He already knew that it would be hard for them to convince the villagers around the place where there is a project or a construction that has to be created by the government. There may be some factors, which may take effect if the projects will continue. That is why it must be thoroughly evaluated first by all sectors before they allow it to pursue. They must not think on the benefits alone upon the relocation but through a lifetime perspective too. It is not only their future but also for the future generation of their country. The whole article is a depiction of social construction regarding the issue of trade and industry. There are different evidences and justifications that the author has redeemed. He also stated his own opinion and ideologies regarding the issue, which somehow important to the whole article because it will state the stand of the author in representation of the society based on the evidences that were found and researched. From all of this, the whole article shows the facts and data exist within the situation will state its own ideologies and perceptions of the social realization. It means that the author has its own depiction of truth and accuracy of facts and data that he has stated whether it is for or against the authorities of the society. (Author). (Date). Power to the People. (Publisher) Article Analysis. (2017, Feb 23).

A descriptive account of the identification and utilisation of a Essay

A descriptive account of the identification and utilisation of a learning opportunity from practice - Essay Example This paper would roughly follow Gibb’s model of reflective cycle since this was supposedly more useful to the less experienced practitioner. Lynn Basford and Oliver Slevin described the five stages of the Gibbs model in reappraising the care given and in analyzing and evaluating the effectiveness of a particular care in their book called Theory and Practice of Nursing. (2003, p. 55) I will, therefore, be discussing my personal learning experience in the context of these stages. My responsibilities in the four-week nursing placement program include the assistance in conducting activities, exercises as well as therapies that would improve the patients’ mental health conditions. The placement care team which I belong to is assigned a roster of clients. With the supervision of our tutors, we divided and allocated tasks regarding activities and exercises. I would like to cite my experience with a particular patient, whom for purposes of confidentiality; I would refer to as Barbara. She is one of the wards assigned to our team and hers became one of my interesting learning interactions. I believe we had a bad start due to her mental condition. Firstly, she is 31 years old, almost ten years my senior. Her dossier revealed a Prader-Willi syndrome and a challenging behavior. This posed a considerable problem for us because she is capable both of verbal and physical aggression. Naturally, most in my group are reluctant to have anything to do with her – administering in exercises and therapy sessions, preferring older but docile patients. With this in mind, I sat down and thought: If I volunteer to assist in her case, there is a remarkable risk, possibly even of violence (unlike those with extreme mental condition, she is unpredictable but not totally restrained.). But there is also a tremendous learning opportunity, so the idea tha t maybe I would be involving myself with

Communicating with Depressed Elderly Patients Essay

Communicating with Depressed Elderly Patients - Essay Example Because of these painful losses for the elderly, suicide rates among the aged were continuously increasing, but symptoms of depression are seldom recognized and treated in this vulnerable population. It could be then that out of ten older people only one receives treatment for their depression and the rest are ignored (Ainsworth, 2000, 37). According to the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA) funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) in the latter part of the 1980s, depressive indications take place in more or less 15 per cent of people over sixty five years of age. At the minimum, 3 per cent of older people endure severe depression, particularly those who live in nursing homes, where the incidences of depression are higher than the average 15 per cent (ibid, 37). Sadly, depressed elderly people spending the remaining days of their lives in nursing homes may appear to be whiners and be given no treatment for their miserable condition. Their depression are concealed since the actual nature of the sickness is masked behind a shroud of physical grumbles, or else the elderly person keeps away from interpreting the symptoms for anxiety of being called insane. Elderly patients generally endure mild memory lapses and dawdling mental activities, both circumstances resulting from physical causes. As soon as depression develops beyond this mild brain dysfunction, the outcome frequently appears to be an advanced case of dementia or â€Å"old-timer’s disease† (Cohen, 1990, 26), for which the mournful family believes there is no possibility to be treated. However, with proper diagnosis and therapeutic procedures for the treatment of serious depression, elderly patients often get rid of the symptoms of this pseudo-dementia and experience prog ress in both brain processes and quality of existence (ibid). For diverse causes, different cultures have begun to witness a remarkable boost in the need for family members to become concerned in

Phase 2 Individual Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Phase 2 Individual Project - Assignment Example The primary objective of this case study is (a) to define fixed, variable, and mixed costs; (b) to determine cost behaviour patterns, and (c) to explain how these different patterns affect operating and pricing decisions. II.Cost Analysis a. Definition of Variable Costs + Example All expenses incurred that increase as the Production Output and Sales increases and decreases whenever the Production Output and Sales decreases should be considered as variable costs. Albrecht, Steve W., et.al.(2010, p.1062) defined variable costs in a more general way by saying that they are the costs that change in total in direct proportion to changes in activity level.. In the SAC operations, an example of the variable cost would be Raw Materials. The higher the demand for the product which would be evident in the increase in Sales volume, the higher the required Production Output, and a corresponding set of Raw Materials will be needed to produce the desired order quantity. b. Definition of Fixed Cost s + Example All expenses that are incurred whether or not operations are at high or low level should be called Fixed Costs. Rich, J.S., et. al. (2009, p.757) defined fixed cost as constant costs â€Å"within the relevant range as the level of of output increases or decreases.† At SAC, an example of that fixed cost is Depreciation Expense – Factory. Each month, whether or not the factory produces for high demand or for low demand, the value of depreciation expense will not change. c. Definition of Mixed Costs + Example Some costs known as mixed costs are made up of a combination of fixed cost and variable cost. Weygandt, J.J. et.al. (2009, p.209) teaches the need to separate these two in order to properly perform a cost-volume-profit analysis. Kinney, M.R. and Raiborn, C.A. (2012, p.70) also refers to the â€Å"high-low method† of determinine variable costs per unit and then separating it from fixed costs. That is, the formula to determine the portion that is var iable in a mixed costshould be as follows: Cost at High Level of Operations less Cost at Low Level Operations divided by High Activity Level expressed in volume of production or sales less Low Activity Level also expressed in volume of production or sales. The result will be the variable cost per unit within that mixed cost. Variable Costs may then be computed for its total and then separated from the total mixed cost in order to arrive at the fixed cost total within the mixed cost. In the case of SAC, there are data from two years, 2005 and 2006. Cost of Goods sold in 2005 was 50.81% whereas in 2006, the percentage increased to 59.30%. This means Cost of Goods Sold (CGS) may not be considered as 100% variable costs. A closer look at the details of CGS in the 2006 journal entries shows the following accounts: Cost of Goods Sold Raw Materials Labor Overhead Classification: Fixed, Variable, Mixed Supplies-Factory 3,500 MC Insurance-Factory 800 FC Indirect Labor 16,000 MC Factory Salar ies 12,500 FC Factory Property Tax 7,500 FC Maintenance Expense- Factory 8,700 FC Depreciation Expense-Factory 1,600 FC Utilities- Factory 3,650 MC Raw Materials RM, beg.=19,360 Purchases=33,710 RM, end= 10,000 RM, used 43,070 WIP, beg.= 1,800 RM processed = 41,270 WIP,end= 7,000 FG added=34,270 FG,beg.= 25,360 FG,total= 59,630 FG,end= 36,360 FG,sold= 23,270 VC Direct Labor 8,500 VC Selling Expenses 1,560 MC Admin.

It's time to prove what I have learned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

It's time to prove what I have learned - Essay Example Besides passing, I have developed confidence in writing and I can handle all types of research. I vividly remember my first assignment in this class. The paper did not have a thesis statement, had numerous grammar errors, and it did not have a proper introduction. It saddened my heart that I did not have the very basics to this subject. Although this discouraged my young heart, I did not allow it to rule in me. Instead, I decided that I will make it in this class. Every time I submitted a paper, my teacher wrote some comments that I took very seriously, which helped improve my writing. First, I started with developing skills to a good thesis statement. I realized that a good thesis statement must incorporate the purpose of the writing and stipulate all the issues to be discussed in that paper. Secondly, I worked on the introduction of my papers. With the help of the teacher, I realized that introductions should be as captivating as possible to capture the audience attention. Previously, my introductions did not carry enough weight and background knowledge of the study. This meant that I could not earn good marks on the introduction part. Thorough research on the issues I intend to write about helped overcome this problem. Thirdly, In my out-of-class essays I learned other skills that add credibility to an essay. Proper organisation of the bodywork adds more weight to a paper, giving the reader an urge to read on. Using logos and ethos, I could now convince my audience on the issues I am writing about. In addition, I have to choose my words correctly to because I realized that I can convince the audience with my character. Use of diction and figures of speech are other things I learnt out-of-class that have added competency in my writing. One thing I came to accept as a writer is that I had to read a lot of books, journals, websites, and magazines to learn how others do it. No, wonder that my grammar and

Chinese grassroots living situation in China big cities Research Paper

Chinese grassroots living situation in China big cities - Research Paper Example The country has a relatively large number of people that are extremely disadvantaged in the socio-political and socio-economic status, with their living condition being extremely poor. Despite the available social amenities and the improved social facilities through the urban cities, the grassroots population that comprises of mostly the peasant workers, have had little benefits to enjoy (Mars & Hornsby 129). The paper thus studies on the living conditions of these Chinese grassroots people, why they live in these situations, explaining the reason why China housing prices are much higher in big cities and measures the Chinese government is devising to change the situation. The Chinese grassroots is the groups are unfortunate individuals that live in the un-humanized society. The Chinese farmers are traditionally the most inferior in class, who are the ideal representatives of the Chinese grassroots. These grassroots groups live the hardest life and work the hardest in order to feed the other ‘brilliant’ people in the big cities (Wang & Murie 93). The Chinese farmers are the ones that cover the largest portion of the population in China and thus play a critical role towards promoting social development. The economic pressures force these grassroots people into moving to cities in search of better jobs, but instead end up working as peasant workers. These people end up living in destitute conditions, which even poses risks to their own health, in order to keep on surviving in cities (Nielsen & Smyth 65). The World Health governing bodies have able to raise concerns about the living conditions of these grassroots Chinese population, hence pr ompting the government to take some actions to solve the problem. It is apparent that a number of reasons contribute to the kind of living conditions that the Chinese grassroots have to live within these cities. The first challenge is the problems of

Eassy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Eassy - Essay Example This paper shall compare non-profit and profit healthcare organizations particularly focusing on the following aspects of these organizations: mission and purpose, organizational structure and scope, governance and oversight, leadership styles, expectations and accountability, compensation practices, strategic planning and budgeting processes, stewardship and fiscal responsibility, ethical challenges and dilemmas, investor relations, community benefit, social responsibility and stakeholder responsibility, potential impact of health reform on organizational initiatives, environment and organizational culture, and performance improvement and effectiveness – quality measures and indicators. These parameters shall provide a clear picture of distinctions in the application of these two types of organizations. Discussion The main distinction between the profit and the non-profit organizations is that one organization is driven by profit and the other is not driven by profit. More sp ecific differences shall be discussed below. Mission and Purpose Non-profit healthcare organizations have basically an altruistic and non-monetary mission and purpose. Drucker (in Cox, p. ... 2). The mission of non-profit health organizations is not to maximize profits, but to serve the members of the community where it is physically located, providing the members of the community the best healthcare services they can offer (Cleverley, et.al., p. 8). On the other hand, for profit organizations have more financially-related purposes. Its goal of earning profits is mostly sought for distribution to its investor-owners or for reinvestment to the organization for the long-term benefit of these investors (Cleverley, et.al., p. 8). In effect, for profit organizations are usually owned by investors, whereas non-profit organizations are owned by entire communities; and while non-profit organizations seek to benefit the community, the for-profit healthcare organizations aim to benefit its owners and investors. Money contributed to the organization are given with the hope of doubling or earning more profits, whereas, money given or invested to nonprofit organizations are not expect ed to make profits, but they are expected to serve the larger community. The growth in the organization is actually stated in terms of growth, efficiency, and quality; whereas, the mission for non-profit organizations are stated in terms of charity and community service, alongside growth (Gray and Institute of Medicine, p. 6). Organizational Structure and Scope Organizational structures specify the roles and responsibilities of individuals which are tasked with pursuing and fulfilling the goals of the organization (Zietlow, et.al., p. 5). Assigned individuals include the board of directors/board of trustees, committees, staff, officers, outside contractors,

Chinese grassroots living situation in China big cities Research Paper

Chinese grassroots living situation in China big cities - Research Paper Example The country has a relatively large number of people that are extremely disadvantaged in the socio-political and socio-economic status, with their living condition being extremely poor. Despite the available social amenities and the improved social facilities through the urban cities, the grassroots population that comprises of mostly the peasant workers, have had little benefits to enjoy (Mars & Hornsby 129). The paper thus studies on the living conditions of these Chinese grassroots people, why they live in these situations, explaining the reason why China housing prices are much higher in big cities and measures the Chinese government is devising to change the situation. The Chinese grassroots is the groups are unfortunate individuals that live in the un-humanized society. The Chinese farmers are traditionally the most inferior in class, who are the ideal representatives of the Chinese grassroots. These grassroots groups live the hardest life and work the hardest in order to feed the other ‘brilliant’ people in the big cities (Wang & Murie 93). The Chinese farmers are the ones that cover the largest portion of the population in China and thus play a critical role towards promoting social development. The economic pressures force these grassroots people into moving to cities in search of better jobs, but instead end up working as peasant workers. These people end up living in destitute conditions, which even poses risks to their own health, in order to keep on surviving in cities (Nielsen & Smyth 65). The World Health governing bodies have able to raise concerns about the living conditions of these grassroots Chinese population, hence pr ompting the government to take some actions to solve the problem. It is apparent that a number of reasons contribute to the kind of living conditions that the Chinese grassroots have to live within these cities. The first challenge is the problems of

12 Angry Men Movie Analysis Essay Example for Free

12 Angry Men Movie Analysis Essay Introduction: This movie analysis will focus on the movie 12 Angry Men. There will be comparisons between the movie and the different negotiation tactics used in the movie and even in class. There were lessons learned from this movie and it gave new ways of thinking. This movie does a great job of using negotiation to win over a case when you are the odd man out. Summary: This movie focuses on a jury deliberating a first-degree murder charge on an eighteen year old boy. The boy is accused of stabbing his father to death. If found guilty of the charges, the eighteen year old boy will face the death sentence. There are many reasons as to why the boy looks guilty. He has a weak alibi, he claims to have lost the knife he bought, which was the same knife found at the murder scene, and there are witness’s saying they either saw the killing or saw the boy leaving the apartment. Out of the twelve jurors, eleven of them think the boy is guilty, except one. This is juror number eight. He claims he just does not know if the boy is guilty or not guilty, and wants to talk. The entire juror’s quickly begin naming all the reasons why the boy is guilty. For each reason, juror number eight questions each reasoning the other jurors bring up. He states a lot in the movie â€Å"is it possible?† This question starts to put doubt in the other juror’s minds about the boys’ guilt. Also with the ongoing deliberation, the jurors are starting to learn more about themselves and their personalities and this is causing them to vote â€Å"not guiltyâ€Å". Some realize they are prejudice or are holding grudges, or they are simply voting guilty because of their backgrounds. With each reason and deliberation, juror number eight continues to attempt to convince the other jurors that voting â€Å"not guilty† may not actually be correct. Juror eight is hesitant about sending a boy to die without talking about it first. He does think that from the trial the boy is guilty, but he’s just not too sure about it. He remains calm throughout the whole deliberation. The only time he shows signs of anger is when two other jury members start playing tic-tac-toe. This bothers him because everyone should be paying attention to what is going on and not playing games. He questions every incident with â€Å"Is it possible?† The best negotiators spend time asking questions, staying curious, and uncovering the other side’s views of the situation, facts, interests, and priorities. Throughout the deliberation, he uncovers information never presented at the trial, and helps the other jurors to think that it just may not be possible the boy could be guilty. Characters Personalities: Each character in the movie has a different personality about them which influences their decision on the verdict and they each express their own opinions based on their characteristics. Each juror plays a part in the movie where their personalities reflect back on a certain argument in the case. Juror one (Martin Balsam) is also known as the foreman of the group. He is put in charge to run the deliberation between all of the jurors. He likes that he has authority to run the group, but isn’t very assertive in doing so. Juror two (John Fiedler) is quiet and goes along with what everyone else says. He changes his vote early, though, to not guilty. He mentions about the height difference between the father and the boy, and how the boy would go about stabbing him. Juror three (Lee J. Cobb) is the angry member of the group. He is convinced the boy is guilty no matter what anyone says. He sees no point in discussing the boy’s innocence. There comes a time in the movie where he discusses that when his son was fifteen, he got in a fight with him and his son hit him. He hasn’t seen his son ever since. Juror three is angry with his son for his actions and for leaving, that he is taking out this anger on the boy in trial. Juror four (E.G. Marshall) is very convinced that the boy is guilty. He shows no sign of emotion and is able to recall much of what happened throughout the trial. He gets nervous though, as he cannot recall a certain movie he saw the other night, just as the boy could not do the same. Juror five (Jack Klugman) is a shy man. He lived in a slum all his life and can almost relate to the boy on trial, for he lives in a slum as well. He is an expert at using a switch knife, which comes in handy during the deliberation. Juror six (Edward Binns) is quite during the deliberation. He questions the boys’ motive for wanting to kill his father. Juror seven (Jack Warden) wants the deliberation to be over as quick as possible because he has tickets to a baseball game later that evening. He votes not guilty and does not wish to discuss why or why not. Juror eight (Henry Fonda) votes not guilty from the start of their meeting. He doesn’t know for sure if the boy is not guilty; he just wants to talk about it. He manages to cast reasonable doubt with the jurors on the boy’s innocence based on many aspects of the trial. He remains clam and patient throughout the deliberation. Juror nine (Joseph Sweeney) is an old man. He is the second person to vote not guilty, for he wants to hear more about the case. He is very observant, as he notices something about one of the witness’s during the trial. Juror ten (Ed Begley) is also an angry man. He is racist, and also very prejudice against people who come from a slum, which is why he believes the boy is guilty. Juror eleven (George Voskovec) takes the trial seriously. He stands up for what he believes in. He questions the boy’s actions a lot; such as if he really would have returned the his house three hours after the murder happened. Juror 12 (Robert Webber) is a smart man. He works for an advertising agency and has a hard time explaining his choice for changing his vote to not guilty. During the deliberation, certain parts of the character’s personalities play a part for different concepts. One example is with Juror five. During the trial, the boy was convicted of murdering is father using a switch knife as the weapon and stabbing his father down in the chest. Juror two makes a point on the height difference between the boy and his father, and how the boy would proceed to kill his father, meaning how he would have stabbed him. Juror five explains that he used to play with switch knives when he was around the boy’s age, and knows how to use one. During the trial, it was stated that the boy was an expert at using a switch knife. Juror five goes to demonstrate exactly how the boy would have pulled out the knife and stabbed his father: from underneath. He said it would take too much time to switch hands and stab down in his chest. Without Juror five having the knowledge and his personal characteristic of using a switch knife, the jury would have never learned how an experienced knife handler would have used the weapon. Tactics: In this section we will talk about a few of the tactics that we got the actors/characters using during the film. A few of this tactics were talked about during our class and case studies but some of the tactics were commonly used in everyday negotiations by everyone. We talked about power and how you could use power to get your way; you could use facts against the other party because facts are something you cannot ignore and emotions. Emotions are a hard tactic to master because you need to set aside your emotions so you can make a fair and honest judgment or answer. Power: Juror eight shows power over the other jurors. He has information the other jurors do not know about, and he is able to negotiate with them more. Information power is derived from the negotiator’s ability to assemble and organize facts and data to support his or her position, arguments, or desired outcomes. The other jurors only listened to what was presented in the trial. But Juror eight actually thought about the facts presented, and went out to look for more information. One way he did this was with the knife. The boy had bought the same knife used to kill his father the same night the murder happened. The boy claimed he had lost the knife, as it had fell through his pocket on his way to the movies. The owner of the shop where he had bought the knife claimed it was very unique, and he had never seen any other kind like it in his store. Juror eight asks to see the knife found at the crime scene. Everyone else is convinced this is the same knife the boy had bought, until Juror eight surprises them and pulls out the exact same knife. He says that he went out walking the previous night in the boy’s neighborhood and came across a shop just two blocks away from the boy’s house. He saw the same knife and bought it at a cheap cost. He proved to the other jurors that it is possible the boy could have dropped his knife, because that knife isn’t as unique as the thought. Another part where Juror eight has power is when they are debating about whether or not the old man heard the boy scream â€Å"I’m going to kill you!† According to the testimony, the boy had yelled those words right as the L-Train was passing by the window. Is it possible the old man heard the boy scream that? Juror eight stated that he had lived in an apartment next to the L tracks before and the sound of a train passing by is unbearable. Another juror said he had just finished painting one of the apartments and agreed that the sound is very loud. Juror eight had power over the others for he himself knew that the sound was very loud and it may not be possible the old man heard the boy say these things. Presentation of Facts: The way the facts were presented during the movie were all facts the jurors figured out themselves while deliberating, and not during the trial. There were many unanswered questions during the trial which caused Juror eight to question whether the boy was guilty or not. The defense attorney left out a lot of important information that was uncovered during the jury’s deliberation. One of these facts dealt with the old man who claimed he saw the boy running down the stairs from his apartment. The more the jury talked about the old man and what he said, the more Juror eight questioned if he had really seen the boy or not. One of the jurors pointed out that the man was dragging his left foot behind him, but trying to cover it up because he was ashamed. During the trial, the old man stated he heard a body hit the floor, and someone starting to run. He then said it took him no more than 15 seconds after he heard the body hit the floor to run out of his apartment and to the stairs to witness the boy running down them. Juror 8 thought then if it really could have taken him 15 seconds if he was dragging his left leg. This is when the jurors played out the scene to figure it out themselves. They were able to get a diagram of the apartment and measure out the dimensions of the room they were in. Juror eight walked the length of the room and back, while Juror two timed him. As he approached the end, Juror 2 said it took 41 seconds to walk the length they had measured out. By playing out the scene of the old man, this proved the fact it could not have taken the man 15 seconds, and he could not have seen the boy running down the stairs. Another important fact happened during the very end of the deliberation. At this point, everyone but two people believed the boy was innocent. Juror four says his reasoning for believing the boy is guilty is because of the woman across the street who claims she saw the murder herself. As he is talking, he takes his glasses off and begins rubbing the outside part of his nose where his glasses lay. Juror nine notices this, and asks him why he rubs his nose like that. Juror four says it is from his glasses, that they bother his nose, so he rubs him. Juror nine notices the markings on his nose from his glasses, and recalls the woman had the exact same markings on her face. He then asks Juror four if there is any other possible way to get those same markings on his nose, and he replies no. Juror eight then starts to say that the woman was lying, for she did not see the boy kill his father, for she was trying to fall asleep, and she wouldn’t be wearing her glasses to bed. These two examples show how hidden facts slowly come out. This is information left out from the trial that everyone missed, until now. After proving these statements, the jurors started to have doubt in their minds about the boy. It’s important to look at every aspect in as much detail as possible or you could miss out on something. Sure, the old man can say it took him 15 seconds, but as it turns out, it took him longer than that. And sure, the woman can say she saw the boy kill her father, but really all she saw was a blur, for she did not have her glasses on. You can’t always go by what you hear. You have to dig deeper to discover any hidden information that could help against your situation. This is what Juror eight did and it helped support his case. Also from these two examples, it goes to show that you can’t always believe what you hear. The witness’s both were under oath as they spoke in trial, but they could just be doing that for attention. Juror nine points this out for the old man, as he can relate. He is old and unnoticed. He just wants attention, so he could have made himself believe he saw the old man when he really didn’t. As for the woman and the glasses, she didn’t wear her glasses to the trial because she wanted to upgrade her appearance. So she said she saw the boy, seeing as if she didn’t wear glasses at all, but really she did for she had the markings on her nose. Emotions: Negotiations often evoke a variety of emotions, especially fear and anger. Emotions can cause intense and even irrational behavior, and can cause conflicts to escalate and negotiations to break down. Juror three from the start showed angry signs of emotion throughout the whole deliberation. He stated how he hadn’t seen his son in two years, and all his anger from his son is taken out on the boy on trial. Juror three wants everyone to agree with him. No matter what information is presented, he sticks with his vote of guilty. He gets mad whenever evidence is brought up or someone proves something wrong. His emotions reach a peak whenever Juror eight calls him a sadist. At this point, Juror three lunges toward Juror eight saying â€Å"I’ll kill him!† Then Juror eight replies, â€Å"You don’t really mean you’ll kill me, do you?† This proves his point about how sometimes people say things they really don’t mean. His emotions got the best of him, and he realized that he really wouldn’t kill the juror. Having your emotions from your personal life come into play during a negotiation is not always a good thing. Juror three should not have taken his anger out on the boy or even on Juror eight because of his son. He was angry at his son for leaving, but he should have put that aside for the deliberation. Having your emotions lay out like that on the table can cause you not to think about the important facts that need to be focused on. Juror eight shows emotion in a positive way. He stays very calm throughout the whole deliberation. By showing no sign of angry emotion, this allows him to keep his composure and control of what he is trying to get across. If negotiators feel positively attracted, they are more likely to feel confident and, as a result, to persist in trying to get their concerns and issues addressed in the negotiation and to achieve better outcomes Bias: I’d like to spend some time discussing an issue that I feel is very important to recognize when it comes to negotiations. This is the issue of bias. We had several discussions in class about bias. The thing that most fascinates me about the concept of bias, is that everyone tends to have a different opinion about it. It can be a very grey area, and many people have varying feelings on its presence and its effect on people’s behavior. Personally, I feel that it’s impossible to completely eliminate all bias from a situation. Even when looking at something objectively, bias still exists. It comes from personal characteristics, experiences, and opinions. This movie does a great job of showing how bias can have an effect on negotiations. I’d like to cite an example from the film regarding juror number ten. This juror is an old man who is very set in his ways. He is among the eleven jurors who found the boy guilty of murder. However, his reason for voting guilty comes from a very different place than the others. The evidence seems to favor a guilty vote, but the film shows us that this gentleman’s vote was sealed the minute he learned the boy was from a slum. During the deliberations, this juror seconds an argument made by a fellow juror. He says, â€Å"Brother, you can say that again. The kids who crawl out of these places are real trash.† Regardless of this evidence, this shows a bias against the boy from the start. This man is allowing his prejudice against â€Å"slum dwellers† to influence his decision about the verdict. The juror across the table then takes offense to this comment. â€Å"I’ve lived in a slum all my life,† says the juror. This should quell the old man’s argument, but it doesn’t. He still feels strongly about his position, even though a man from a similar background clearly hasn’t followed a path that â€Å"trash† might follow. This demonstrates the power of bias. The greatest example of overcoming bias in this film occurs in the very last minutes. By this point, the jury has reached a vote of 11 to 1 for â€Å"not guilty.† The lone juror who still maintains the boy’s guilt is juror number three. This is the man who hasn’t seen his own son in over two years. Earlier in the deliberations, he explained how he and his son got into a fight when the boy was still a teenager. His son hit him, and things were never the same between them. As the talks between the jurors continues, it becomes more and more evident that this man has a bias against the boy on trial because of what transpired with his own boy. He wants to see this boy killed because he resents his own son for what occurred between them. The initial juror who voted â€Å"not guilty† went as far as calling him a â€Å"sadist† and a â€Å"public avenger.† In the final scene, that juror asks the man to defend his arguments one last time. There is a re asonable doubt in the minds of eleven jurors, and he wants to know why there isn’t one in his. Juror number three begins explaining, yelling the entire time. You can see him getting more and more upset as he continues to pour over evidence that the other men have already proven shaky. Finally, he rips up the picture of him and his son that has slid out of his wallet on the table. He then bursts into tears and cries, â€Å"Not guilty, not guilty.† It was clearly painful for him to confront what happened with his son head on like that. This was creating his bias the entire time. When the evidence appeared to support the boy’s guilt, his bias was less prevalent. But when the evidence that started out convincing ended up being questionable, his bias began to show. He still wanted the boy to be found guilty because of it. This really makes you wonder how often this occurs in the real world. How many innocent men and women have been sent to jail because of biased members of a perceived â€Å"impartial† jury? It’s an imperfect system, dealing with a very i nexact science. Recognizing this is very important. From this course, and from analyzing this film, I have strengthened my belief that bias can’t be eliminated. All a negotiator can do is recognize that bias is constant, and do their best to minimize its effect on their decision making process. If a negotiator recognizes this, they can do more negotiating based on facts and figures rather than personal biases and opinions. Power and Persuasion: An interesting aspect of this movie, as it continues to relate to this course, is the use of power and persuasion. What I find most interesting about power, is the myriad of ways through which it may be obtained. In class, we discussed several ways that power is obtained, and also how it can be used. In this movie, there are many circumstances where the jurors attempt to use power to persuade one another. Perhaps the most prevalent example at an attempt to use power to persuade the others is shown by juror number three. This juror often exudes power when talking down the case with the man who hasn’t turned in a â€Å"guilty† verdict. He begins by explaining all of the evidence again. He discusses the old man who claims he heard the boy, the old lady who says she saw the boy, and the knife discovered by the police who arrived at the murder scene. He is very confident in this evidence, and feels as though he has the power because of it. After taking this course, I find that this is the best way to gain power in a negotiation. The more information you have to support your argument, the more power you have. In turn, this often results in achieving your goals in the negotiation. However, as the process continues, the juror voting â€Å"not guilty† starts to sway the room. The oldest man on the jury is the first to change his vote. The juror from the slums changes his vote not long after that. As this is happening, it appears that juror number three feels as though he is losing power in this negotiation. To counter this, he begins raising his voice when talks. Before long, he is all but yelling at the other jurors who have changed their votes. He attempts to retain his power through intimidation once he sees that the evidence, which he thought was solid, is shown to be shaky and imprecise. Another example of how power is used to persuade others in this film is demonstrated by the stock broker, otherwise known as juror number four. It appears that this juror feels an immediate sense of power in this scenario because he is one of the most, if not the most, accomplished gentleman of the group. He feels that he is probably the most intelligent man on this jury, and demonstrates that when talks. He recalls much of the information from the trial very accurately, and with no notes. He also explains very clearly why he feels the way he feels. Power through intellectual superiority can be very persuasive, and influential. The man he is attempting to persuade does a very good job of keeping his composure. He doesn’t challenge the broker’s power. In fact, he affirms it. He appears to respect that the juror is making valid points and supporting his argument. He goes a different route. He simply takes an issue and asks, â€Å"Is it possible?† While the other jurors refute this claim, the broker remains quiet. As the man slowly begins to disprove some of the testimony from the case, you can see the broker questioning his verdict more intently. Finally, he changes his vote to not guilty. This is where everything turns. The other jurors picked up on the quiet power exuded by the broker, and respected it all along. Once he turned in a â€Å"not guilty† vote, it was only a matter of time before the others joined him. This is convincing tell that this man had a great deal of power in this negotiation. In a less successful attempt to gain power, the angry old man attempts to convince the man of the boy’s guilt through a â€Å"power in numbers† technique. He feels very comfortable with his verdict of â€Å"guilty† because the others feel the same way. During the initial discussions in the deliberation room, he continuously says, â€Å"You know what I mean?† This is an attempt to keep others on his side while he tries to persuade the rogue juror to vote â€Å"guilty.† He feels he has power in this negotiation because he has the majority on his side. This is a common tactic in negotiations. As the film progresses and more and more jurors change their verdict, you can easily see the power leaving the angry old man. He is forced to confront his prejudice and accept that he was wrong. When he is no longer in the majority, his sense of power quickly fades. He becomes defensive and weak as more and more people leave his side. This is most prevalent in the scene where he attempts to defend his â€Å"guilty† vote one last time. He stands up, and continues yelling and shouting his narrow minded opinions, much as he’d done the entire time. His arguments, now more than ever, are being entirely disregarded, and for good reason. Each point he is making is based solely on prejudice. He thinks he is powerful, but nothing he is saying is based on fact, or really has anything to do with the case. One by one, the other jurors begin getting up from the table and ignoring him. Even the juror who was consistently making wise cracks during the deliberations is looking away from him. Soon, no one in the room is backing him. He then retires to the corner, alone. He not only lost the majority, he lost the support of the other men who were still turning in a â€Å"guilty† vote. This is a great example of power shifting, which we discussed in class. You asked us if it’s possible for power to shift during a negotiation, and this is a good demonstration of how it can. Works Cited: Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C.K.S. (2006). Personality correlates of the four factor model of cultural intelligence. Group and Organization Management, 31, 100-123. Diamond, S. (2010). Getting More: How to Negotiate to Achieve Your Goals in the Real World. New York City, NY: Crown Publishing Group. Earley, P.C., Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. Gates, S. (2011). The Negotiation Book: Your Definitive Guide To Successful Negotiating (1st ed.). United Kingdom, UK: John Wiley and Sons LTD. Shell , R. G. (2006). Bargaining for Advantage: Negotiation Strategies for Reasonable People 2nd Edition (2nd ed.). New York City, NY: The Penguin Group. Thompson, L. L. (2008). The Truth About Negotiations . Upper Saddle River, NJ: FT Press.

Negotiation occurs in business

Negotiation occurs in business 1. Executive summary The thirst for power, growth and global recognition has made countries source for wealth and power through the process of Negotiating with each other. The term Negotiation can be said to be a dialogue. Resolving disputes to reach an agreement upon course of action or to bargain for individual or collective advantage. Negotiation occurs in business, non-profit organizations, and government branches, legal proceedings, among nations and in personal situations such as marriage, divorce, parenting, and everyday life. Nigeria, the most populous country in the whole of Africa with a population of about 140million, is a multi-cultural country where large multi-ethnic groups negotiate everyday for the growth of the country. In this report you will see the pattern in which Nigeria communicates and negotiates when it comes to doing business and how its culture affects its decision making and life style. 1.1 Communication and Negotiation style in Nigeria: Personal relationship is very important to them Trust is required to conduct business Age is considered indicative of wisdom An older business person is always put in a negotiating plan Titles are always used depending on the status of that person. E.g. Chief, Mr, Mrs, Engineer etc. Companies are hierarchical Ultimate decision-making rests with the CEO Decisions are reached slowly If one is not patient with decision making you will give offence and that alone can put your business relationship at risk Getting decisions from government officials can be extremely protracted Nigerians can be tough bargainers They state their position clearly and may get into heated decisions One is expected to honour any promise made Initial agreement is generally verbal-followed by contract Nigerians expect flexibility in working out the details. This is due to the fact that they are not time conscious. It can take longer than proposed or expected to get the job done 2. Terms of reference As a reporter by name Sarah Aghorighor born in Nigeria, I was approached by an investor from china who has invested in so many companies. He would like one of his firm which deals with electronics to do business with a Nigerian importer. My client, Mr Young Chan a successful investor, who owns over 30 firms in China wants me to write a brief on how Nigerians communicates and negotiates with other countries and if culture affect their way of doing business. 3. Overview of the situation Living in Nigeria requires one with survival instinct, the ability to multi task, strong business orientation, self confidence and a fearless heart. Living in Nigeria change ones attitude towards life, work and its environment either good or bad but I think in this case it changes it for good. Nigerian life style is governed by cultural values that â€Å"make up† its society. These values govern how they live, work and interact. However, culture is not just about us but the people we live with. Ferraro (1997) shared his view on culture as everything that people have, think, and do as members of their society. His view considers material objects, values and beliefs as well as behavioural patterns of a people to be components that define culture. However, culture is not in born; it is acquired through learning and interacting with ones environment. Nigeria is situated on the gulf of Guinea in west Chad. Its neighbours are Benin, Niger, Cameroon and Chad while the lower course of the Nigeria river flows south through the western part of the country into the gulf of Guinea swamps and mangrove forest border the south coast inland are hardwood forest. The country gained its independence October 1st 1960 becoming members of commonwealth of nation and joining the United Nation. Although Nigeria has had its up and down in the past, it is still known as one of the richest country in the world. Trading on cassava, woods, fishing etc is one of Nigeria fastest way of growing economically and making wealth apart from its oil business. Nigeria has a very strong tradition which governs the land and its business. In addition, Nigeria is known for a strong tradition in literature, theatre, arts and craft and is now coming up in its music which is culturally tide to a particular style and also the film industries. Nigeria has good and natural resources, when investment is made on its land there is always a positive result, provided rules are obeyed. As a Nigerian through this research it was brought to my attention that Nigeria and China are like brothers. They share a lot in common and above all their negotiating style is the same irrespective of the fact that they are both from different parts of the world. One major factor is that both countries are cultural. 4. Analysis of the situation In my years of practise as a reporter I have come to realise that certain issues affects man and its environment. This can affect them socially, economically and even politically and when it does things changes in that country, living them in a state of confusion. Everyone negotiates one way or another known and unknown to us, this makes us live together as one. While negotiating before making / taking any decision we must consider the feasibility of the intended action or business to be embarked upon. With this in mind, we would like to examine, by way of analysis, our options in order to resolve these issues. The principle tool used for this research is PEST analysis. PEST stands for Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors of the external environment. That is, the external factors that is usually beyond the firms control that may constitute threats to the organization. Thus, PEST analysis is found suitable for this paper because it is expected to unveil issues that may arise during negotiation process and offers possible suggestion that will fast-track the process. Each of the factors considered in PEST analysis is composed of several other issues for analysis, but the ones chosen for this research are as follow: Political analysis: we considered the political and the democratic processes in Nigeria; the risk of military invasion; trade and price regularization. Economic analyses: we considered the poverty level and inflation rate. Social analysis: we considered the demographics. Technological analysis: we considered the recent technological developments; the rate and diffusion of telephone or Internet services. 4.1 Political Analysis Due to the long years of military rule which lasted for about 30 years out of 47 years of independence, the rate of development in Nigeria has remained low. This reign was classified as an economic depression, lack of vision, inadequate infrastructural development etc. I think it was just plain illiteracy from the military, but ever since the civilians took over there has been transformation throughout their journey. Since 1999 when military regime handed over to civilians, Nigeria has witness great developments in technology, economy and politically. Since then the nation aimed to sanitize the economy and polity in general such as: Bank recapitalization which reduced from 89 weak banks to 25 strong ones, making 12 of them listed among the first 1000 banks in the world. This feat has never been achieved before (Soludo 2007); also telecom has made the country be the fastest growing telecommunication JIB August 2008, Vol. 13, No. 2. In the major sector of the economy such as transporta tion, mineral resources, oil and gas, there is high hopes for foreign investments. 4.2 The Economic Analysis 4.2.1 Poverty Level Nigeria with great wealth still has economic issues. There is poverty amongst household and in the land. In 1996, the poverty rate was 46% instead of going down to 21% but sadly to say poverty sky-rocketed to 76%. The urban slums dwellers in Nigeria are about 77% while issues to be solved under the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) are located in urban settlement which is around 99%. In general, two-thirds if the household in Nigeria are poor, but there is hope for tomorrow. 4.2.2 Inflation Rate The inflation rate as at present: Due to militants destructive activities in Niger Delta region, the total federal revenue collection dropped 44% between 2008 and 2009 which brought the need to develop infrastructures. But overall, the economys output continues to improve as GDP rose 6.73% compared to 5.56% during the corresponding period of the previous year. Through these contributions the GDP got significant growth: agriculture, wholesale and retail trade but from the oil sector there was a decline in growth to about 4.5%. Nigeria at this point seems risky but the outlook for this country prospects for investments remain positive. 4.3 Social Analysis Nigeria is a very large country filled with lots of social activities. Yes indeed the country is over populated but it does have its wonderful side. This social analysis will be based on Lagos which is the principal port of Nigeria. The largest market in cloths, vegetables, meat and poultry, enamel and earth ware, herbs, fancy goods and fruits are located within its surroundings. Its got lots of site seeing, places to go, people to see and activities round it. Most of the people are traders and they make their living from the commerce of the city by trading, importing and exporting, shop keepers, drivers, watchmen, clerks or craftsmen etc. There is always something to be done and ways to make money. 4.3.1 Demographic Nigerians life expectancy was estimated to have increased from 40 to 51 years. Much of this is due to the decline in mortality among infants younger than one year and children ages one to four. At 1990, maternity deaths excluding deaths resulting from illegal abortions exceeded 75,000 per year. Regardless of the countries decline in fertility in the 1990s, the countrys population was expected to double by next century. Less than Nigerians 1990 population was less than fifteen thus the country expects to deal with a population of more than 200 million probably within the next twenty-five years. 4.4 Technological Analysis This is based on infrastructure, use of telephone and the level of internet usage in Nigeria. Nigeria has witnessed a commendable growth in telephone service from 2001 till date, moving from a density of 0.73 to above 37.05. Nigeria is currently rated the fastest growing telecoms industry in African (Nigeria2Day, 2007). 4.5 Environmental Factors Nigerian soil is rich in minerals which help grow crops. Despite the pollution on the environment such as oil spillage, over population and neglect of government on the land, it is still a rich place to do business. Due to the over population of the country there is cheap labour which will help facilitate the business. 4.6 Legal Factors 5. Solutions and recommendations I would suggest that before negotiating you should look closely into Nigerians way of negotiating and top companies that deals in such business and has good reputation. These people should be your target market people. With an increase in unemployment currently at its highest, labour cost is low. Larger number of unemployed skilled workers can be employed to work. If possible employ both Chinese and Nigerian citizens. Understanding cultural diffusion. This concept identifies that most innovations introduced into a culture are as a result of borrowing from other culture. Therefore, appreciating other peoples culture is imperative. Actual negotiation should be decided on its handling methods. E.g. the extents at which you adjust your style to their culture and still remain credible. Typical behaviour of patterns, attitudes, values of your negotiator should be understood. Invest in research. Employ effective use of the internet by creating a website that will facilitate purchase and delivery during both importing and exporting of goods. A good communication skill is needed. Multiple offers should be made simultaneously. 6. Forecast and outcome There will be some form of cultural differences during and after negotiation, but so long as deadlines are met and both parties work hand in hand the business will flow. Due to government and immigration rules there might be some difficulties during importation and exportation of goods. With good research and also foreigners at both ends there shouldnt be too much trouble. There should be Constant communication back to Directors to know the situation of things. 7.References Soludo C. (2007): Strategic Agenda for the Naira, accessed date, Aug. 17, 2007. Lothar Katz. (March 2008): The Negotiators Reference Guide to 50 Countries around the World http://www.onlinenigeria.com Nigeria2Day (2007): Nigeria celebrates Six Years of GSM Mobile Phones, accessed date, Sept. 3rd, 2007. Kimmel, Paul. Cultural Perspectives on International Negotiations, Journal of Social Issues, 50, (1), 1994, PP. 179-196 and Weldon, Elizabeth and Karen A. Jehn. Examining Cross-Cultural Differences in Conflict Management Behaviour: A Strategy for Future Research. The International Journal of Conflict Management 1995, 6, (4) October, pp. 387-403. Guirdham M, 2002, Interactive Behaviour at Work (3rd Edition), Essex, Pearson Education Ltd. ISBN 0-273-65590-6