The Mikmaq people of Canada

Table of Contents Introduction The treaties of the Mi’kmaq people The Mi’kmaq demographics The Mi’kmaq celebrations The Mi’kmaq folklore Works Cited Introduction The Mi’kmaq people are indigenous to the northeastern part of New England. They occupy the Atlantic province and precisely the Gaspe Peninsula of the great Quà ©bec. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Mi’kmaq people of Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The great nation of Canada has an estimated population of about forty thousand people; eleven thousand of them belong to the Mi’kmaq community. This community has a long history that dates many years back. The territory of this community was believed to have been separated into seven distinct districts; each of them having completely independent governance and boundaries. The administrations of these districts were made up of numerous c hiefs who had a council of elders as subordinates. This council of elders comprised of the respectable people in the society, band chiefs and other proclaimed elders (Poliandri, 354). It was the sole duty of the council of elders together with the chiefs to carry out all the administrative functions and maintain law and order in the community. They exercised justice and prepared their warriors in the event that there was war. The seven districts were: Kespukwitk Sikepnà ©katik Eskà ­kewaq Unamà ¡kik Piktuk aqq Epekwitk Sikniktewaq Kespà ©kewaq Aside from the council of elders, the community also had a grand council (also called the Sante Mawiomi) which comprised of captains (also called Keptinaq). The captains were given the title of district chiefs. In addition to the district chiefs, the hierarchy of leaders also included the Putus, grand chief and women council. The grand chief was a very important member on the Mi’kmaq community and he was appointed from one of th e existing district chiefs (Zimmerman, 241). The sitting chief had to be a representative of the Unamaki district or Cape Breton Island in order to qualify as a grand chief. It is important to note that the title of the grand chief was hereditary according to the laws of the land and was always handed over to the eldest son of the sitting grand chief in the event that he passed away. The council of elders that was charged with the responsibility of restoring order to the community held their meetings in Cape Breton at a small island named Mniku. This was a reserve that has today seized to be called Mniku and has shifted its name to Chapel Island. Others have also called this island Potlotek. It is amazing to note that the council of elders still meets at the same point to this day (Choyce and Rita, 120). It is believed that the human habitation of the Gaspe Peninsula dates back to over 10,000 years ago. This was the period that marked a series of technological development, radical climate change and the immigration of new inhabitants. None of the mentioned events had as much effect as the arrival of European strangers. Advertising Looking for research paper on canada? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was because the people from Europe were traders who traded in woolen blankets, copper kettles, knives and sailing vessels. All these played a significant role in developing the Mi’kmaq people and enlightening them of the new products of early Europe. Some historical literature works of the 17th century suggest the Mi’kmaq people were fishermen and hunters. They did this as part of their economic activities. The fishing was done by this community at the southwestern coasts of the Newfoundland. They are believed to have been travelling to and from Cape Breton in search of favorite fishing grounds. Their migration was also instigated by the shifting of the breeding grounds of fish and so they moved as the fishes moved as well (Wicken, 45). The Mi’kmaq people are believed to have lived next to waterways. This was because their prime means of transportation was their famous canoes and birch-barks that carried them for long distance. They traveled in search of new homes. Additionally, the community also travelled for long distances for the purposes of trade. All they ever needed in their daily lives was provided by their natural environments. For instance, they were fishermen and sometimes hunted in search of red meat. The Mi’kmaq people used their skills and knowledge for survival. For example, their knowledge of seasons and animals placed them in a favorable position for hunting. This helped them in knowing what animals to hunt for during certain seasons and their specific hideouts. Their knowledge about weather also played an imperative part in their survival (Robertson, 72). This, in addition to the knowledge of seasons, helped the Mi’kmaq people to evade unbearable climatic conditions. It also helped them in knowing where to go in the event that climatic conditions were unfavorable at their current locations. In the year 1610, the Mi’kmaq formed an alliance with the French after the then grand chief, Membertou, converted to catholic. The French were the forerunners of the Catholic religion. After the then grand chief was baptized into Catholicism, his entire community then embraced the religion too. This then brought about the settlement of the French amongst the Mi’kmaq people. This was because they had become friendly after agreeing to embrace the same religion. This close association impacted positively on the lives of the Mi’kmaq people since the French offered some sort of protections against invasion by colonialists and land grabbers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Mi’kmaq people of Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To this day, the relations the Mi’kmaq people had with the French, Englishmen and the Beothuks is still uncertain. The French, who also carried out fishing activities at the coasts of Newfoundland, are believed to have been at war with the English as from 17th century to 19th century. Quite a number of historical sources indicate that the French allied with the Mi’kmaq people against the English. They perceived the Englishmen as mere land grabbers and colonialists whose interests were on the rich lands of Nova Scotia (Hornborg, 39). On the contrary, other sources also indicate that the Mi’kmaq people moved to the Newfoundland on their own and that they were not brought to the lands by the French. They suggest that the French only sought the assistance of the Mi’kmaq people after they had settled on Newfoundland. It is believed that the Mi’kmaq community agreed to join in the war against the English because they had encountered English settlers before in New England. The relationship of the Mi’kmaq community and the Beothuk people is also full of controversies. Some historical books indicate that the French offered a bounty to the Mi’kmaq people to bring the heads of the Beothuk people. Others, however, suggest that the existence of the Mi’kmaq community on the island increased the population of the Beothuks in the region. This is an implication that the two communities had a peaceful coexistence and that they had no reasons to wage wars against one another. Besides, there is no mention of a bounty offered to the Mi’kmaq by the French in any pieces that contain French records. In this regard, it is also important to note that the history and traditions of the Mi’kmaq people contains a number of instances of peaceful coexistence with the neighboring Beothuks. Some historical documents about the Mi’kmaq community indicate that the Beothuks sought refuge in the isla nd during their early periods of arrival and they were housed by the Mi’kmaq people. The treaties of the Mi’kmaq people The Mi’kmaq peple are known to have signed quite a number of peace treaties with the British. The expansion of the nation by the addition of Great Britain as one of the districts commenced the signing of peace treaties with the British. This was the 1749 treaty that incorporated Britain as one of the districts. Thereafter, another peace treaty was signed in 1752 by Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope on behalf of Shubenacaide. Advertising Looking for research paper on canada? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The signing of these treaties ended a period of war between these two nations that had lasted for over 75 years. Another peace treaty signed in 1760 played an imperative role in securing the trade in commodities like furs. It also strengthened the relationship between the Mi’kmaq and the British. This was because the treaty was an agreement of tolerance to the British settlement on the island. However, the settlement of the British on the island was not accompanied by formal or legal land surrender. Even thought the settlement of the British was supposed to be limited and regulated, the British settlers came in large numbers. Their accommodation on the island needed further appeasing and hence they had to sign fresh treaties. After a series of negotiations, it was agreed that the British had to give regular presents to Mi’kmaq as a way of enhancing the friendly relationship. Despite the agreements reached, the various historical writings that documented the peace agre ement between the Mi’kmaq and the British failed to provide exact territorial limits that were agreed upon during the agreements (Paul, 294). The effects of the treaties signed between the Mi’kmaq and the Britons were felt for quite some time until the invasion of the England Planters. The coming of the United Empire Loyalists on the island also eroded the peaceful coexistence that existed in the community. The coming of these trespassers into the territories of the Mi’kmaq people built a lot of animosity. In response to the animosity created, the Mi’kmaq reacted by threatening the invaders but all was to no avail. Besides, they tried to back the American Revolution with the aim of getting assistance of kicking the invaders out of their lands but all the efforts bore no fruits. As a result, the Mi’kmaq attacked and butchered some Britons in 1779. This then prompted the then British Captain to physically visit the scene and wage war in retaliation. A series of wars followed and as a result the Mi’kmaq people were weakened significantly. They then resorted to appealing with the Britons to honor their reciprocal intent of the various treaties signed in the previous years. They appealed to the Britons to honor their promise to give presents to the Mi’kmaq as a way of appeasing them for the accommodation offered. It took a bit of struggle before the British finally agreed to promote peace. The Britons, who had grown very powerful in the region, accepted to provide relief to the natives. This was, in most occasions, referred to as charity. Despite the fact that the British finally agreed to listen to the pleas of the natives, there were conditions that accompanied these reliefs. The conditions were going to have significant impacts on the Mi’kmaq people but they were left with absolutely no choice but to agree with the proposals of the British (Hornborg, 79). For instance, the Mi’kmaq community was to abandon its cultural way of life and adopt that of the Britons. The people were then compelled to stop their regular migration and settle on their farms. That notwithstanding, the children of the natives were compelled to attend classes and gain the British knowledge. This then gave rise to British schools which were meant to accommodate the children of the natives (Robertson, 358). From then, the Mi’kmaq people lost their command over their land. Their cultural beliefs were eroded and their fertile lands snatched away from them. In addition to that, their children were forced to attend British schools in a bid to gain the British knowledge and adopt their way of life. Even though the treaties signed between the Mi’kmaq and the British were operational, they had not achieved authorized status until 1982 when they were encrypted in the Canadian charter. The Mi’kmaq demographics The population of the Mi’kmaq people during the pre-contact period ranged bet ween 3,000 and 30,000 people. However, this number was believed to have been reduced tremendously by a number of factors; most of which were brought about by the invasion of the British. For instance, European diseases such as smallpox claimed many lives in the community. Other factors such as alcoholism and the endless wars also played a role in reducing the population of the Mi’kmaq people. Despite all these, the population later grew rapidly again before it was stabilized in the 19th century. It is believed that the population grew significantly again later in the 20th century. The average population increase of the people was projected to be roughly 2.5% in the periods between 1965 and 1970 (Davis, 82). The Mi’kmaq celebrations The Canadian provinces of Labrador, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia have for a long time upheld the celebrations of the Mi’kmaq people. Octobers is considered by these provinces as the month of celebrating the cultures, successes and pe ace of the community. For instance, October 1st marks the Treaty day. It marks the signing of the peace treaty that was signed in 1752. The treaty is also called the Treaty of 1752. This treaty was signed by Jean-Baptiste Cope who was given the title of the king’s representative in Shubenacadie. In general, October is the month that is celebrated as the History Month of Mi’kmaq. It incorporates a number of celebrations. The celebrations are conducted at central fields in order to favor all the members of the community. This month is celebrated in a number of ways including songs, traditional dances and traditional foods (Davis, 245). The events attract an overwhelming crowd. Most of the fans of these events are tourists from all corners of Canada and other parts of the world. This is because the events have captured international attention as a result of their uniqueness and the fan that come along with them. The Mi’kmaq folklore It was believed in the Mi†™kmaq mythology that evil and wickedness amongst the male in the community make them kill one another. In the event that there was wickedness or evil in the community, the creator would be terrified and he would weep tears of rains in the form of a storm adequate to instigate a deluge. One of the myths of the community tells a story of a deluge that was caused by evil in the region millions of year ago. It indicates that even though members of the community tried to evade the storm, only one man and one woman survived it and that they were the ones responsible for populating the earth once more (Robertson, 294). The Mi’kmaq community has three distinct types of oral traditions. These include folktales, legends and myths. The folklore of this society is used to tell tales of the episodes of the early periods. It is through these that narratives of human conception and the starting point of life are told in Mi’kmaq society. Myths also illustrate the origin of some no rms and taboos in the community. They explain the repercussions of some evil deeds. Most of the myths told in this community are undoubtedly untrue but they play a significant role in safeguarding the norms of the community. Other myths are meant to explain the unchangeable facts. For example, there is a myth in this community that tries to explain the reasons for the physical differences between man and woman. Legends in this community, unlike myths, relate to places. They may either talk about recent occurrences or past events provided they form an intermediary between the people and their land. Folktales also form part of the oral traditions of this community. Virtually all the members of the society take part in them. They were mostly used to pass time especially during long winter nights (Poliandri, 284). Works Cited Choyce, Lesley, and Rita Joe. The Mi’kmaq Anthology. Lawrencetown Beach, N. S: Pottersfield Press, 1997. Print. Davis, Stephen A. Mà ­kmaq: Peoples of the Maritimes. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing, 2007. Print. Hornborg, Anne-Christine. Mi’kmaq Landscapes: From Animism to Sacred Ecology. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2008. Print. Paul, Daniel N. We Were Not the Savages: A Mà ­kmaq Perspective on the Collision Between European and Native American Civilizations. Hawthorn, Vic: Fernwood Pub, 2000. Print. Poliandri, Simone. First Nations, Identity, and Reserve Life: The Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011. Print. Robertson, Marion. Red Earth: Tales of the Mi’kmaq ; with an Introduction to the Customs and Beliefs of the Mi’kmaq. Halifax: Nimbus Pub, 2006. Print. Wicken, William C. Mi’kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land, and Donald Marshall Junior. Toronto [U. A.: Univ. of Toronto Press, 2002. Print. Zimmerman, Karla. Canada. Hawthorn, Vic: Lonely Planet, 2008. Print. This research paper on The Mi’kmaq people of Canada was written and submitted by user Fallen One to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne Essays

The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne Essays The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne Paper The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne Paper Essay Topic: Film The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne was written by Brian Moore and set in pre Troubles Belfast in the 50s. When Jack Clayton decided to make a film of the book in 1987 he decided to move the location to 1950s Dublin. At first these seems quite a strange thing to do, they were obviously two very different cities in, one could argue, two different countries. By setting it outside Belfast, the director is making a conscious decision to simply eradicate the major section of a community which must have some implications upon the integrity of the story line and character development. This is what I would like to discuss tonight. Furthermore the portrayal of the major characters has definitely been altered. Part of this can be put down to the directors own interpretation but it cannot be ignored that he has deliberately changed the personality of some of these characters. Now, I am going to assume that none of you has watched this film and not many of you have read this book. But what I am assuming is that everybody has a basic idea of the situation in the North. I propose therefore to first of all give you a broad outline of 1950s society in both Belfast and Dublin so that we can open a discussion comparing the two. And then Im going to choose three or four passages taken from the novel and show the clips in the film. In this way you get a rest from me! And, if you dont mind doing a little bit of reading, it makes for a more informed discussion. Let me first tell you something about Brian Moore. He was born in 1921, which was a very important year for Ireland as a whole. First of all they established independence from the British Empire and secondly we had partition in the North. Moore was one of nine children. His father was a surgeon and on the whole the family experience was a happy one. Moore attended St. Malachays, a grammar school where, according to Moore they were beaten all the time So you could go through the entire day being beaten on the hands, day in, day out, everything was taught by rote. This was a Catholic school in a predominantly Protestant milieu; therefore we had to get better marks than the Protestant schools. We were then beaten and coerced into achievement, and we werent really taught anything. Moore left St. Malachays without the leaving cert because he failed his Maths. He experienced the Second World War as a volunteer coffining dead bodies but was then hired by the British Ministry of War Transport to go as a Port Official to Algiers, North Africa. After one brief visit to Belfast after the war, Moore finally emigrated to Canada where he worked as a reporter. Belfast, which he considered a claustrophobic backwater trapped in the nightmare of history, left him feeling angry and bitter. It was at this stage that he felt the need to try and write Belfast out of his system and look for a new world in which I and my characters could live. It was at this point that he began writing The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne which was published in 1955. The reasons for Moore writing Judith Hearne and the themes highlighted within the novel do call into question the decision to situate the film in Dublin. Briefly, the story centres on middle-aged Judith Hearne who moves from one bed and breakfast to another. Having devoted the best years of her life to the welfare of a severely demanding maiden aunt she has little respite in her life other than romantic dreams and the communal fellowship of Sunday Mass. As if in answer to a prayer, James Madden comes on to the scene, her landladys brother and recently returned from America. He upon seeing some expensive jewelry on her, is misled into believing she has money and views her as a potential financial partner. Although she finds him a trifle common Judith Hearne tempers her dreams with a certain amount of realism and realizes that Madden is her last chance to fulfill a desperate desire to be loved. What follows is a tragedy of errors and when the awful realization of the situation dawns on Judith Hearne she turns first to drink as a way of escape and then to the church where the priest mismanages her cruelly. The novel reaches its climax when Judith Hearne attacks the sanctuary in her desperate crisis of faith and collapses in a scene of total degradation and despair. The novel ends with Judith Hearne in a sanitorium having lost her dignity and her faith-a rather bleak future. That essentially is a synopsis of the story line. What may be useful, however, is if I give you an idea of what each of these cities was like in the 1950s. It is important to realize that the novel Judith Hearne very much reflects Moores feelings about the city. This novel and the two novels that followed was his attempt at trying to exorcise Belfast out of his system and there are various passages in the novel which highlight the isolation and alienation felt by the Nationalist community and it was from this he trying to escape. But in trying to escape he couldnt shake off this feeling of terrible loneliness and this is one of the main themes running through the novel. Looking at the make up of Belfast it is easy to understand these feelings. Belfast was, unlike Dublin, an industrial city. Im sure that when you think of Belfast you think of the sectarian conflict and the murals but one of its enduring images is the big shipping gantries with H and W on them. In fact those little link films on the BBC shows a group of boys skateboarding with those gantries behind them. The message is probably lost on most of the population but this was intended to show a more positive image of Belfast, an industrial, prosperous city that built the Titanic. But this is a very Protestant image and Belfast is a very Protestant city. Protestants believed that they had created Belfast through hard work and enterprise, a triumph over mud and water, the result of successive merchants, engineers and entrepreneurs. The Nationalists on the other hand, believed that Belfast had always been theirs and that the land had been taken from them. Furthermore they were excluded from the job market. Belfast in the 50s saw Protestants quite powerful and Catholics very isolated and marginalized. Belfast was an unhappy, fragile city where violence seethed below the surface. So what about Dublin? Can it compare with Belfast? Well, Dublin, having achieved independence from the British Empire and then endured a very bitter civil war was under the control of a politician who still believed in Mother Ireland and who attempted to maintain a rural way of life. The laws of Ireland were entwined with the Catholic church which resulted in a highly conservative, restrained and many would say oppressed nation Its relations with Britain were extremely poor, where embargoes were imposed by Britain causing a collapse in the economy and massive unemployment. Irelands position of neutrality in the Second World War if anything worsened relationships and it would be fair to say that Ireland was the sick man of Europe high unemployment and huge emigration. Lets have a look at the first clip which covers the opening of the novel. Ive included some extracts for you to read in order to compare the two scenes. In the novel, I believe Moore was quite keen to portray Middle Class Belfast in decline and to give a sense of its isolation and decline through its shabbiness. Moreover, Moore wants to present us with a middle aged, unattractive, snobbish and desperately lonely spinster who is herself kept out of the most powerful institution upheld by the Catholic Church and that is the woman seen as the wife and the mother and the heart of the home. Judith Hearne fails to achieve the role expected of her and as a result she is only ever a visitor to those domestic spaces normally assigned to women. This is what we see in the first clip. Incidentally, Ive included in the novels extracts Judith Hearnes reaction to Bernard Rice, the landladys son. She is a woman who feels the pressure to view every man as a potential suitor but I do find the directors interpretation rather interesting. Perhaps what the Catholics do have in common in both cities is this repressive apparatus of the church and the family which dominates their lives. You will see that Moores characters are very much determined by Catholicism. Its strictures dictate the attitudes, behaviour and beliefs of the Catholic community both in Belfast and in Dublin. Freedom within such a structure is merely an illusion and any attempt to live outside its tenets or indeed question its ideology can result in psychological distress. This is exactly what happens to Judith Hearne, her whole existence is dependent upon the church and her faith and when this faith is shaken and she begins to question the very existence of God she has also to question her very reason for being, which leads to a breakdown. This well see in one of the later clips. The main difference, I can see between Belfast and Dublin is this feeling of being at once locked out and hemmed in. There is no doubt that the Nationalist community suffered feelings of dislocation after Partition and that the Unionists endeavours to keep them essentially ghettoized and poor led to feelings being locked into small spaces. Hence the use of the Bed and Breakfast as a backdrop, where as Moore puts it all the houses are partitioned off. This is very much a statement Moore was making about the Nationalist community in Belfast. The way many Nationalist writers coped with these feelings was through nostalgia and an abiding involvement with the past. This we can see in the first clip when Judith Hearne unpacks her photograph of her dead aunt and the oleograph of the Sacred Heart. She continually returns to the past to seek some comfort which is in fact exactly what Moore is doing. I included the first meeting between James Madden and Judith Hearne just so you could see the relationship develop. For Hearne, Madden represents that opportunity to become part of that role assigned to women. But to the first question which is does it really matter that the film is changed to an entirely different city? Does it work? In the second clip, which is about 15 minutes long we see the fourth date between Judith Hearne and James Madden and this rather unfortunate misunderstanding between the two characters which results in the start of Judith Hearnes breakdown. I have included two important passages from the book which have been totally removed from the film but are of some significance to Moores novel as a whole. The first takes place at the end of the movie theyre watching which clearly situates the action in Belfast. As does the second which follows the couple through the city centre of Belfast as opposed to a bridge across the Liffey in Dublin which is what we see in the film. If you read those two passages and maybe we could open a debate over whether their exclusion is a problem. The second issue is the latent violence which lies beneath and throughout the novel. This violence will become obvious as you watch the clip and Ill be interested to here what you make of it because again there is a very good reason why Moore included this scene in the novel but Im not sure if it is fully explored in the film because of changing the location.

What Is a Preface (And Is It the Same as an Introduction or Foreword)

What Is a Preface (And Is It the Same as an Introduction or Foreword) What is a Preface? (and is it the Same as an Introduction or Foreword?) A preface is an introductory passage written about a book by its author. It's often viewed as an apologia  - which is not so much an apology as an explanation or defense of why the book exists. Because the preface is  part of a book's front matter (the pages at the start of a book with Roman numeral page numbers), it’s often confused with the foreword and the introduction.However, there are key differences between the three:A preface is written by the author about the book and is separate from the body of the book (the pages with Arabic numbers),An introduction is written by the author about the subject of the book and is part of the body,And a foreword isn’t even written by the author! It's separate from the body, and written by an expert in the field who adds credibility to the subject of the book.In this post, we'll cover all three in more detail to help you figure out how best to introduce your own book. What's the difference between a preface, foreword, and introduction? At last, the answer. Why use a preface?For an author, the preface presents the opportunity to introduce yourself, the book, and any previous projects or experiences that might have informed it. Prefaces are your chance to tell the book’s story - the story of how it went from a thought in your head to a book in our hands.Prefaces are most common in nonfiction (prologues are more popular for fiction books). However, they are present in both. They enable you to speak directly about:What you’ve created,How you created it, andWhy it’s important - or why you specifically are qualified to write about it.Many authors will even sign the end of a preface, date it, and list the location from which they wrote it (rounding out the who, when, and where of it all), like Mark Twain did below: How are you going to start your book? Let us know if you're opting for a preface, foreword, or introduction in the comment box below.

Mass Communications. Does the media give us the Truth Essay

Mass Communications. Does the media give us the Truth - Essay Example Because of this unique position, the media can be considered something of a ‘fourth branch of government’ as an informed citizenry is part of the checks and balances of a society. In many ways, society depends upon the media to hold our elected officials accountable. However, society also expects to be entertained creating some difficulty in ascertaining whether the media is capable of delivering the truth. Media acts as the link between people’s personal lives to events outside what they encounter in their everyday routine so truth is important, but can truth be defined in such black and white terms? It seems clear that while professional journalists do everything they can to deliver a truthful and verifiable report, truth is often more subjective than one might be tempted to believe. Television is a truly democratic mass medium that spreads information uniformly without regard to wealth, position or education and has clearly broadened our political dialogue. Its abilities as a mass communicator are rivaled only by the internet which has not yet caught up to the television in every home concept. The average community in the developed world now receives more than 30 channels of television with many areas receiving literally hundreds of choices at the click of a button. This diversity of programming presents perspectives regarding every conceivable characteristic of society. The viewing public has the chance to view Parliament in session and thus take a more active interest in the decisions that will have some bearing on their lives at home. Other channels or an internet search will enable them to become more informed about the issues under debate and this better-informed citizen can then make wiser decisions during the next election cycle. With all of these potent ial social conduits, there are now greater opportunities for political leaders to ensure

Effectively Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Essay

Effectively Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives - Essay Example This paper shall seek to determine the means by which firms can effectively communicate their CSR campaigns with effective communication, encourage their consumers to participate in their socially responsible initiatives while maintaining or even improving their profitability and stability as a business. For its case study, it will examine communication strategies of Samsung Inc. Successful businesses have been known to harness the goodwill and share their good fortune with those who they deem need their help the most. This practice earns them respect, admiration and a good reputation among their stakeholders. It is also known as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Hopkins (2007) defines CSR as a business practice of companies that aim to adopt socially and environmentally responsible behaviors as a way for their business to contribute to society in a socially relevant manner. Not to be known as purely profit-seeking entities, socially responsible organizations manifest awareness and accountability in the societal and environmental effects that their business may impact (Lantos, 2001). Hence, they embrace responsible business practices and strategies in promoting better living standards for their employees and their targeted beneficiaries while still maintaining their profitability as a business (Hopkins, 2007). In implementing CSR strategies, it is essential that companies are clear in communicating their objectives to the community so that they are not misconstrued in their intentions. It is common for people to raise suspicions in the sudden goodwill of corporations who are doing so well in terms of profit, that they may have hidden agendas to further promote their image and attract more business.

Enlightenment Period and the Scientific Revolution Essay Example for Free

Enlightenment Period and the Scientific Revolution Essay The relationship between the development of the Enlightenment Period and the Scientific Revolution was that the Scientific Revolution was an aspect of the Enlightenment on a whole. The Scientific Revolution helped in the process of the Enlightenment by bringing new advances in areas such as Nicolas Copernicus and his new theory that would soon discarded the old geocentric theory that placed the Earth at the center of the solar system and replaced it with a heliocentric theory in which the Earth was simply one of a number of planets orbiting the sun. Another great advancement during the Scientific Revolution was in the field of astronomy. Johannes Kepler proved the orbits of the planets were elliptical, but was unable to come up with an effective model of the solar system. That was left to Galileo, who in 1630 published his Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World, in which he supported the Copernican, or heliocentric theory of the universe, and denounced the Aristotelian system, which maintained the geocentric theory. Galileo supported his claims with elaborate evidence derived from the study of physics. Also the achievements made in mathematics and physics were revolutionary. In the form of the development of algebra, trigonometry, the advance of geometry and the linkage of form and motion with quantifiable numeric values undertaken by Rene Descartes. Armed with these tools, the science of physics began to advance rapidly. The primary concepts changing social mores marked the beginning of the Enlightenment, as individualism, which stressed the importance of the individual and his rights as a citizen. Relativism, which was the concept that different ideas, cultures, beliefs, and value systems had equal merit. And rationalism, which was the conviction that using the power of reason, humans could arrive at truth and make progress toward improving human life. These views gained widespread adherence in the wake of the Scientific Revolution, the Age of Exploration, the weakening of traditional religion, and the decline of monarchical rule. All of these trends served to prepare Europe for the Enlightenment period. One key achievement during the Scientific Revolution was John Lockes writings of the (Second Treatise on Civil Government) Lockes writing argued that a government run by the people was the beast system for us to live by. Lockes writings remain as fresh and popular today as when he wrote them in 1688. Another key achievement during the Scientific Revolution was Sir Isaac Newtons theories on astronomy that went a step further and formulated an  accurate comprehensive model of the workings of the universe based on the law of universal gravitation. Newton explained his theories in the 1687 revolutionary work called simply the Principia. This work also went along way toward developing calculus. The difference in the perspective of Catholics and Protestants during the Enlightenment was very little. Both cults felt that any idea or ideals that might elevate man to a level of self realization or thinking that might deviate from that of the church views was both dangerous and unholy. In response to this, the church ordered genocide and mass torture upon those who it deemed outside of gods word. Do you think that there are similar cultural or religious barriers against scientific discovery today? All I can say is this. Despite scientific and physical truths of dinosaurs and the Ice Age, masses of people refuse to believe that the earth in older than a few thousand years But then, they also worship blindly to a silent god. Works cited. (1) Western Humanities Vol. II fifth edition (2) (The Panorama of the Renaissance) Edited by: Margaret Aston, Abradale Press (3) Various internet research sites.

A Farewell to Arms Essay: Inevitability of Death Revealed

Inevitability of Death Revealed in A Farewell To Arms      Ã‚   Ernest Hemingway has been greatly criticized for a supposed hatred of women that some feel is evident in his writings. One of the primary books that critics believe shows this misogynistic attitude is A Farewell To Arms. It is counterproductive to interpret the book using such a narrow focus because the author is dealing with much more profound themes. Hemingway is not concerned with the theme of gender equality, but rather with the greater themes of the inherent struggle of life and the inevitability of death.    The first images of struggle and death are seen in chapter 9 when Frederic is wounded. Up to this point in the story Hemingway had portrayed a very serene, pastoral setting and existence for the characters. It is here, though, that this comes crashing down. Hemingway is showing the horrors of war. War is not a glorious and colorful event; it is a dirty and base thing. This is the first hint that the romantic notions Frederic clings to might prove false. There is suggestion here that human existence is fairly tragic.    Hemingway shows many deaths as a result of the war. Passini, Rinaldi (who it is inferred died of syphilis), nameless officers, a sergeant, Aymo, and many others are casualties of the insane war. Their deaths are shown as casual, random events in the life of Frederic. Throughout the entire book Frederic seems to be trying to escape this death that is all around him and retreat once more to the serene existence he enjoys at the beginning of the book. This sets up what I believe to be the theme of the book: struggle is inherent in life and death is inevitable.    Another representative of death is Count Greffi towards the e... ...ainst Hemingway that charges he is a woman hater. Hemingway does not idealize Catherine out of some deep hatred of women. He does not subordinate her to show male dominance. In fact, I believe that Catherine is a minor factor in this book and is more of a tool used for thematic purposes. Hemingway uses her to show Frederic's inability to escape death. To use the ant metaphor (327-328), we are all ants on a log unknowingly running into the fire. And just when the log is tipped so we are away from the flames, just when we think that we are safe, someone tips us back in the fire and we die. Hemingway is showing that man's frantic struggles and his scurrying about are futile, we all die in the end. Also, as much as we may try, we cannot keep death out of our lives.    Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest A Farewell To Arms. Scribner Paperback Fiction: NY, 1995.   

Operations Strategy and Sustainability Essay

LensCrafters operations strategy is to provide high quality eye care services to customers throughout the US, Canada and Puerto Rico. LensCrafters is known for the ability to perform eye exams, prescribing sunglasses and eyeglasses, and production of the glasses on the premises for each customer. To maintain economic sustainability, LensCrafters goal in 1983, was to be the only optical eye care retailer to guarantee eyeglasses in less than an hour. Now, after 30 years, LensCrafters is considered one of the leading optical retailers known for their impeccable customer service, excellent products and some of the biggest names such as Armani, Coach, and Prada in frames (LensCrafters, 2014). They show a high degree of commitment to performance excellence by continually providing their customers with new technologies to improve eye care, customize prescriptions, and assist their customers in selecting the right frames. LensCrafters also offers expert care for their customers with proficient optometry doctors at every store. Through resource management they manage their assets effectively and efficiently being able to â€Å"Give the gift of sight† to millions of people all over the world through their OneSight charitable organization where they partner with local communities to provide permanent access to affordable eye care and eyewear in both the developed and developing world. Included in their sustainability initiatives they piloted a self-sustaining vision center in a school located in one of the poorest neighborhoods in Cincinnati, Ohio. In doing this, LensCrafters has put vision care right where people need it. In this school, getting an eye exam is as easy as walking down the hall instead of missing half a day of class or, for parents, missing half a day of work. Another way of maintain economic  sustainability is that LensCrafters love eyes and care about the people behind them. LensCrafters’ customer benefit package includes providing goods and services that meet the needs of individual customers. They have conveniently located branches, professional employees, the latest eye-exam equipment and eyewear accessories to meet the different tastes of their loyal customers. LensCrafters portray their commitment through honest care for their customer’s eyes and constantly are determined to improve the experiences of their customers. LensCrafters associates receive training in personalized service to ensure their customer’s experience is valued. LensCrafters will continue to put their customers first to maintain their competitiveness and customer loyalty. For social sustainability, LensCrafters have their branches conveniently located in highly populated areas like shopping malls. This ensures that they reach their target market faster. The stores designed with economically to provide the best customers service from the initial exam to the final fitting of the glasses. They have on-site fully equipped laboratory with the latest machinery and encourage their employees to interact with their customers in the eye-exam rooms and â€Å"fitting stations† (Collier & Evans, 2013). The walls of their stores have the certificates and degrees of their optometrists and technicians demonstrating to the customers that competent staff is serving them. Communication is consistent between the customer and staff throughout their eye care purchase. Operations Management and Challenges The operations management at LensCrafters has a strategy that staff follows in order to provide their customers with high quality service and products. LensCrafters requires their employees to possess the required skills and knowledge for optimal work productivity by utilizing their time with the customers effectively and efficiently. Laboratory technicians have the needed certifications for their line of work and all other employees undergo training before and during their period of employment. The employees at LensCrafters offer unsurpassed services because they are well motivated with rewards and employment recognitions from the operations management team. One of the challenges of that face operations management at LensCrafters is the changing of customer expectations. Many want designer frames that they have seen on other people this could be a discontinued style or require  additional time to acquire the glasses. Another challenge is changing technology. The operations management at LensCrafters stays aware of the newest technologies and takes the time to research the equipment to determine if it would make a substantial change in their work processes and customer service. Value Chain The value chain at LensCrafters begins with the gaining the customer through preproduction services such as the Customer Benefit Package that includes providing goods and services that meet or exceed the needs of individual customers. LensCrafters also provide their customers with impeccable customer service, excellent products and some of the biggest names such as Armani, Coach, and Prada in frames (LensCrafters, 2014). LensCrafters accepts vision plans from numerous insurance companies that major companies offer to their employees. If customers do not have insurance, LensCrafters can set up a payment plan with the customer. LensCrafters offers promotions such as buy one pair of glasses and get the second one-half off. Following the preproduction phase is the primary production processes. Once the customer makes the decision to come into LensCrafters, the employees provide high-quality services. Once the eye exam is completed, an associate helps the customer select the frames that they like the best. The associate accompanies the customer to the appropriate station for their frames and selects various frames in all shapes and colors. An associate will capture pictures of the customer in their selected frames using LensCrafters own â€Å"myLook† camera application LensCrafters, 2014). Once this is completed, the associate and customer compare the photos side-by-side. Once the customer has selected the frames, the associate gives the customer’s prescription and frame selection to the lab to create the customized glasses. Value is created with the customer by the high quality customer service, customized prescription glasses, and convenient location. Once the glasses are ready for the customer to pick up, the customer comes in and the associate shows them the glasses. The associate adjusts the frames to fit the contours of the customer’s face. Then the associate attaches LensCrafters unique â€Å"FitSensor† (LensCrafters, 2014) that creates clear guide points for the AccuFit Digital Measurement System. The FitSensor software measures the location of the customer’s pupils and spacing of their eyes relative to  their frames. Using these measurements, the associate is able to determine the best placement of the customer’s eyeglasses with five times the precision of manual eyeglass measurements. Performance Measurements Performance measurements that can be used to measure LensCrafters’ service-delivery system design include business location and servicescape. Location is imperative when it comes to accessing the target market. LensCrafters has branches in the most convenient places for the sake of their customers. LensCrafters’ needs to ensure that they are located near their customers to continually increase their sales and strengthen customer relations. Every LensCrafters has the same or similar store layout, job design, services technology figures and delivery services. LensCrafters has up-to-date technology in their equipment in laboratories, technicians, optometrists, eye examination areas and fitting station. A service process leads to an outcome which results in the customer being either happy or unhappy with the service experience. It is the role of ‘delivery’ to ensure that the expected service outcome is received by the customer. The service delivery design for LensCrafters includes facility location and layout making the customer experience more efficient, and keeping in step with the newest technology, including designing their own technologies to make the experience at LensCrafters unique. The servicescape of LensCrafters is designed to provide the customer with the sense of quality and professionalism. The store layout is open and uncluttered. It store is carpeted and has professional frame display areas for men, women, and children. Modern furniture adorns the retail area and up-to-date equipment is seen in the laboratory. The store is brightly lit to attract attention to the display cases. The store display cases, eye examination area, and fitting stations are placed in the areas where the customers and service providers inter-act frequently. Types of Technology Technology allows LensCrafters to stay committed to providing innovative eyewear technology. They have developed several new technologies of their own with their AccuFit Digital Measurement System that takes measurements to fit the eyeglasses to the customer’s face. They also developed the LensSimulator that allows customers to view and compare a broad variety of  lens choices. Another unique technological advancement of LensCrafters is the â€Å"myLook† camera application that allows the customer to seem themselves in several pairs of frames to see which looks best on their faces. LensCrafters provide their customers with unique and innovative technologies that give them an edge over their competition and keeps the competition anticipating the next innovative process. References Collier, D. A., & Evans, J. R. (2013). OM4. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Print. Lenscrafters (2014). Retrieved May 5, 2014 from http://www.luxottica.com/en/retail-brands/lenscrafters LensCrafters (2012). About LensCrafters. Retrieved May 5, 2014 from http://www.lenscrafters.com/eyeglasses/7/about/company-history-about-lenscrafters LensCrafters (2014). Eyeglasses. Retrieved May 7, 2014 from http://www.lenscrafters.com/lc-us/eyeglasses LensCrafters Eyes a Central Vision with PCMS’ Retail Solution (2010). Retrieved May 7, 2014 from http://www.pcmsdatafit.com/files/casestudy/PCMS_and_Lenscrafters_Case_Study_(US).pdf

Over Abundance and Waste

Over Abundance Imagine saving everything; from pieces of string, tin foil, and old clothing. Fifty years ago not much was being thrown away. In addition, almost everything had a considerably longer life span. According to Joshua Becker he states from his blog â€Å"from the moment we are born, we are told to pursue more†. Today, our lives are inundated with advertisements on television, radio, newspaper, magazine, billboard, and websites  that encourage us that more is better. As a result, we toil for long hours so that we can buy the biggest homes and fanciest cars, wear the trendiest fashions, and use the coolest technologies.What led us to this place of having and wanting so much stuff; stuff that we literally do not know what to do with or where to put when we are done with it? What we buy, what we use, what we keep and throw away make up the fabric of our daily lives. A sea of stuff flows in and out with such speed we hardly realize the global impact attached to each an d every item we buy. â€Å"The process of becoming obsolete; falling into disuse or becoming out of date is also called obsolescence. (Rogers) Compared to fifty years ago our society is better known as a throwaway society; in essence we are never satisfied with what we have and always want more. Craving the latest trends and newest gadgets coming out every season, many people tend to just toss out the old items and purchase new. Common examples of this reckless and selfish behavior include: electronic devices (cell phones, I Pods and computers), clothing (newest fashion trends) and small appliances. In our collective society many people want more of what is new rather than repairing the item.The current generation of people (Generation Y) is described by the www. freedictionary. com as â€Å"members of the generation of people born since the early 1980s that are seen as being discerning consumers with a high disposable income has more time and money than any other. † A combi nation of new technology and the internet is partially responsible for this transformation. With the explosion of electronic access (free WiFi and smart phone technology) consumers today are exposed to persistent and persuasive advertisements.Instead of making an expensive product that will last a long time, businesses produce more affordable, disposable items. In addition, technological advances cause many people to discard products well before there useful lifespan has been achieved. For example; some electronic items such as portable DVD player ($50) have become so inexpensive that it is cheaper to replace them. Our society has been conditioned that time is money which busy people translate into paying for convenience over saving money.Conversely, complicated computerized equipment may be difficult or time consuming to repair and consumers may be less inclined to wait for a repair. Multimedia has programmed our generation to become a materialistic type society that focuses on the buildup of many new things over things that still work. â€Å"With only 5% of the global population the U. S. consumes 30% of the planets’ resources and creates approximately 30% of its waste. †(Rogers) Growth in America is being driven by a new sense of convenience and disposability.Paper plates, frozen foods, TV dinners, and aerosol cans are the way of the future, bringing a new convenience and ease to everyone's life style. This drive thru mentality has filtered through our society and fueled our desire for more while reducing our level of patience and tolerance. â€Å"For example; we can live our lives without leaving our homes or automobiles using drive thru access for fast food, online education, pharmacies, dry cleaners and even banks. † (Rogers, 2) Today â€Å"to go† food comes in cheap, disposable single use packaging.Pre-packaged frozen and canned foods are increasingly popular, generating additional waste. Milk used to come in glass bottles th at were recycled each morning when fresh milk was delivered. â€Å"Now, most beverages come in plastic bottles, of which less than a third is recycled. † (Rogers, 5)  These quick and easy products have been developed to suit our desire or instant gratification and convenience. Here are some simple and cost effective solutions that our society can implement to reduce our carbon footprint. Bring your own reusable bags when you go shopping.Buy things that can be reused over and over, like rechargeable batteries. Clean counters with a cloth towel instead of disposable paper towels. Create your own cleaning solutions using baking soda and bleach which are less harmful to our environment and cost effective. Ask whether your delivery person will recycle the plastic bags and rubber bands that newspapers come in. These are just a few simple ways to help make the earth a better place for our future. â€Å"More advanced technology being put on the market every six months our society has become a throwaway society.With technological advances and the desire to have the latest and greatest products who would want to pay almost the same price for something to be repaired when you can get it brand new? † (Rogers 2) Americans as a whole have become wasteful with material and place more importance on time and convenience. For our world to continue with plentiful resources we need to start making changes and change the way we live and use our precious natural resources more efficiently to have a better future.

Bullets, Silver and Magical

Bullets, Silver and Magical Bullets, Silver and Magical Bullets, Silver and Magical By Maeve Maddox A reader remarked on the use of â€Å"silver bullet† in this quotation: â€Å"The answer is to find a silver bullet that will wean us from fossil fuels.† Suggests the reader, â€Å"The reference should be ‘magic bullet’ from the polio vaccine. ‘Silver bullet’ belongs to the lone ranger.† The expression â€Å"magic bullet† may have originated in a medical context, but it is now used interchangeably with â€Å"silver bullet† to refer to â€Å"something providing an effective solution to a difficult or previously unsolvable problem.† According to a note in M-W, â€Å"magic bullet† is a translation of German zauberkugel and its â€Å"first known use† in English was in 1924. Earlier than that (1907) a medical writer used the expression â€Å"charmed bullet† to mean â€Å"an idealized therapeutic agent that is highly specific for the pathogen or disorder concerned†: â€Å"Antitoxins and antibacterial substances are, so to speak, charmed bullets which strike only those objects for whose destruction they have been produced by the organism.† The OED includes a 1992 citation for â€Å"magic bullet† that shows its use outside a medical context: â€Å"No one has yet found a magic bullet for quickly cutting Milwaukees crime rate.† The phrase â€Å"magic bullet† appears on the Ngram Viewer as early as 1858, but doesn’t make much of a showing until 1920. The phrase â€Å"silver bullet† precedes both â€Å"magic bullet† and the Lone Ranger. The Lone Ranger stories originated on US radio in 1933. The Ngram Viewer shows â€Å"silver bullet† on the graph as early as 1800, and the OED cites the phrase as early as 1648. Magical properties have been ascribed to silver since ancient times. A silver bullet is supposed to be able to kill supernatural beings- such as witches and werewolves- that are impervious to ordinary weapons. In the Grimm story â€Å"The Two Brothers,† (published 1812), one of the brothers kills a witch with a silver bullet. An OED citation dated 1856 refers to â€Å"a belief in bullet-proof men† that caused some soldiers â€Å"to put in a silver coin with their bullets.† The Lone Ranger’s use of a silver bullet as a talisman has nothing to do with supposed magical properties. This is the explanation given in a Lone Ranger FAQ at Weird Science-Fantasy: Silver bullets are the Lone Ranger’s calling card. Silver is a symbol of purity. On the television show the Lone Ranger says he uses silver bullets as a symbol of justice, but more importantly, silver bullets serve to remind the Ranger of just how heavy a price firing a gun can be. Digression Although it has nothing to do with silver bullets, I cannot resist mentioning another bit of Lone Ranger lore. The guidelines prepared by the series’ producers include the following directive: The Lone Ranger at all times uses precise speech, without slang or dialect. His grammar must be pure. He must make proper use of â€Å"who† and â€Å"whom,† â€Å"shall† and â€Å"will,† â€Å"I† and â€Å"me,† etc. Be still, my heart. An early use of â€Å"silver bullet† was as a metaphor for â€Å"money used to achieve military aims,† as illustrated in these OED citations: We have won with the silver bullets before.- D. Lloyd George Speech Treasury, Times, 1914. Invest the savings in buying ‘Silver Bullets’ in the form most suitable and convenient- Exchequer bonds, scrip, or through the Post Office Savings Bank.- Times, 1916.   Ã‚   Liberty Bond slogans, the appeal of young America to their elders for ‘silver bullets’ to fight the battle of liberty, will be prominently displayed. - Oakland (Calif.) Tribune, 1917. As for present usage, Google search shows â€Å"magic bullet† and â€Å"silver bullet† about equally frequent: â€Å"magic bullet†: 7, 290,000 results â€Å"silver bullet†: 7, 220,000 results Bottom line: Both expressions are used with the same meaning: something- substance or action- that provides an all-encompassing solution to a long-standing problem. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowHyphenation in Compound Nouns

American Indians Today Essay Example for Free

American Indians Today Essay The Native Americans were the primary citizens of America long before white men set on foot in the area. When the Europeans conquered the American soil, an estimated 10 million Indians composed the Population of America. It is situated at the north of the country, present-day Mexico. According to history scholars, the Native Americans were believed to settle in the country approximately 20,000 to 30,000 years ago. (nativeamericans) The Native Americans were able to get into the country through the land-bridge situated from the northeastern Siberia into Alaska. The primary Indian cultures in North America is classified into Sandia, discovered in 15000 BC, Clovis in 12000 BC and Folsom in 8000 BC. The identification of the Native Americans should not be misguidedly understood as the Indians of Asia since the term was coined by Christopher Columbus when he mistakenly believe the Native Americans as part of the islands of America as part of the Indies in Asia. (nativeamericans) When the Europeans arrived in the country, the Native Americans welcomed them graciously and considered it a marvel to see white men. Considering also the technologies the European brought, the Native Americans were impressed with their conquering guests. However, as the Europeans started to degrade the forests inhabited by the Native Americans, the Native Americans realized the real intention of the Europeans that has consequently disturbed the balance in their nature. Aside from the natural resources employed by the European conquerors, even the Native Americans were seen as a commodity for manpower and labor. (Berkhofers) The Native Americans began to attribute the Europeans into soulless creatures that were in their territory to destruct their natural environment. Not only did the Europeans abuse the environment, they also brought diseases that were infectious to the Native Americans. This eventually led to several uprising of the Native Indians. (Berkhofers)The Europeans were accustomed to conquests, so the Native Americans responded against the Indian Wars and the Indian Removal Act which enabled the Europeans to have ownership of the country. It was a great disadvantage for the Native Americans because of their number, lack of weapons and unwillingness to cooperate even at their own expense. In a final blow against the Native Americans, U. S cavalrymen massacred Indian warriors, women and children in 1890. (â€Å"Native America: Portrait of the People†; Thomas) For many years, many have believed that the Native Americans are extinct cultures. That is why many American Indians are advocating their right to be known as a culture which fought hard and survived whatever they have experienced in their own native land. Many American Indians are still trying to establish their own identity in a country that has become to be white men populated. American Indians Today. (2017, May 29).

HW 9 HUMAN RESOURCE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HW 9 HUMAN RESOURCE - Assignment Example Many organizations have formulated the wage payment system based on the contribution of the result of the job to the common goal of the organization. Compensation policies of any organization must have provisions of timely review of payment structure in order to consolidate the resultant crises. This program of pay revision to wage earners is possible only with continuous interaction and awareness of their role in the organization. Broadbanding is a system of human resource management to administer the functions of employees of different departments under a particular appraisal system in order to facilitate easy formulation of payrolls. The salary ranges are consolidated into fewer pay ranges with higher difference between two adjacent levels of payment in this system with an intention to avoid overlap of payment ranges (p.435). This system of personnel management is beneficial to the organization as there are lots of chances of payment hikes without offers of promotion whereby expertise of the employee grows with his experience in the same field. Broadbanding may be considered to be on a competency based pay system. It alters the regular narrow salary ranges at different levels to extremely wide salary ranges for the most desirable employee. This system allows employees to choose a work of their interest and proficiency irrespective of the departments to which they are employed. Payment through broadband syst em ensures the participation of every employee in accomplishment of their skill set enhancement. Under the system of competency based compensation the skill set required by the employees of different fields is framed as a combination of works from various departments. While making a slab for payment at a broadband level, highly paid employees face a probable reduction in their pay because of the stipulation of their skill